Real Food (36 page)

19. C. Calabrese, S. Myer, S. Munson, P. Turet, and T. C. Birdsall, "A Cross-over Study of the Effect of a Single Oral Feeding
of Medium Chain Triglyceride Oil vs. Canola Oil on Post-ingestion Plasma Triglyceride Levels in Healthy Men,"
Alternative Medicine Review
4, no. 1 (1999): 23-28.

8. Other Real Foods

1. F. B. Hu, M. J. Stampfer et al., "A Prospective Study of Egg Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Men and
Women,"
Journal of the American
Medical Association
281, no. 15 (1999): 1387-94.

2. M. L. Slattery et al. "Carotenoids and Colon Cancer,"
American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition
71 (2000): 575-82.

3. Felicity Lawrence,
Not on the Label: What Really Goes into the Food on Your
Plate
(London: Penguin, 2004), 118.

4. See Susan Allport,
The Primal Feast: Food, Sex, Foraging and Love
(Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2003); Loren Cordain,
The Paleo Diet: Lose Weight and Get Healthy
Eating the Food You Were Designed to Eat
(New York: John Wiley, 2002); and Richard Manning,
Against the Grain: How Agriculture Has Hijacked Civilization
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004).

5. Commentary, "Consumption of High-Fructose Corn Syrup in Beverages May Play a Role in the Epidemic of Obesity,"
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
79, no. 4 (2004): 537-43.

6. In
The Primal Feast,
Allport writes that one place where the rise of farming was not associated with declining health was the Nile Valley, where
people fermented grain.

7. H. S. Qin ["A study on the effect of fermented soybean in preventing iron deficiency anemia in children"]
Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi
23, no. 6 (1989): 352-54 (article in Chinese).

8. I. E. Liener, "Implications of Antinutritional Components in Soybean Foods,"
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
34, no. 1 (1994): 31-67; S. C. Sindhu and N. Khetarpaul, "Effect of Probiotic Fermentation on Antinutrients and In Vitro Protein
and Starch Digestibilities of Indigenously Developed RWGT Food Mixture,"
Nutrition Health
16, no. 3 (2002): 173-81.

9. Liener, "Implications of Antinutritional Components in Soybean Foods."

10. A. P. Simopoulos, "The Importance of the Ratio of Omega-6/Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids,"
Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 56,
no. 8 (2002): 365-79.

11.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
71, no. 5 (2000): 1166-69.

12. See, for example, these studies on soy and menopause: S. K. Quella, C. L. Loprinzi, D. L. Barton, J. A. Knost, J. A. Sloan,
B. I. LaVasseur, D. Swan, K. R. Krupp, K. D. Miller, and P. J. Novotny, "Evaluation of Soy Phytoestrogens for the Treatment
of Hot Flashes in Breast Cancer Survivors: A North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial,"
Journal of Clinical Oncology
18, no. 5 (2000): 1068-74; D. C. Knight, J. B. Howes, J. A. Eden, L. G. Howes, "Effects on Menopausal Symptoms and Acceptability
of Isoflavone-Containing Soy Powder Dietary Supplementation,"
Climacteric
4, no. 1 (2001): 13-18; C. L. Van Patten, I. A. Olivotto, G. K. Chambers, K. A. Gelmon, T. G. Hislop, E. Templeton, A. Wattie,
and J. C. Prior, "Effect of Soy Phytoestrogens on Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer: A Randomized, Controlled
Clinical Trial,"
Journal
of Clinical Oncology
20, no. 6 (2002): 1449-55; and M. Penotti, E. Fabio, A. B. Modena, M. Rinaldi, U. Omodei, and P. Vigano, "Effect of Soy-Derived
Isoflavones on Hot Flashes, Endometrial Thickness, and the Pulsatility Index of the Uterine and Cerebral Arteries,
Fertility and Sterility
79, no. 5 (2003): 1112-17.

13. A. Cassidy, S. Bingham, and K. Setchell, "Biological Effects of a Diet of Soy Protein Rich in Isoflavones on the Menstrual
Cycle of Premenopausal Women,"
American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition
60, no. 3 (1994): 333-40.

14. See, for example, these studies on soy and breast cancer: D. F. McMichael-Phillips, C. Harding, M. Morton, S. A. Roberts,
A. Howell, C. S. Potten, and N. J. Bundred, "Effects of Soy-Protein Supplementation on Epithelial Proliferation in the Histologically
Normal Human Breast,"
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
68, no. 6 (1998): S1431-35; N. L. Petrakis, S. Barnes, E. B. King, J. Lowenstein, J. Wiencke, M. M. Lee, R. Miike, M. Kirk,
and L. Coward, "Stimulatory Influence of Soy Protein Isolate on Breast Secretion in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women,"
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 5,
no. 10 (1996): 785-94; M. L. de Lemos, "Effects of Soy Phytoestrogens Genistein and Daidzein on Breast Cancer Growth,"
Annals of Pharmacotherapy
35, no. 9 (2001): 1118-21 (de Lemos found that
low
concentrations of soy phytoestrogens seem to promote the growth of breast tumors, while
high
concentrations appear to have a protective effect against breast tumor growth, so that "it is unclear whether tumor stimulation
or inhibition would predominate in patients taking dietary soy supplements . . . Until long-term human studies are available,
patients should be advised that the safety of taking large amounts of soy has not been established in this population and
that other measures [e.g., lifestyle, diet, nonhormonal therapies] are available for controlling menopausal symptoms"); C.
Y. Hsieh, R. C. Santell, S. Z. Haslam, and W G. Helferich, "Estrogenic Effects of Genistein on the Growth of Estrogen ReceptorPositive
Human Breast Cancer (MCF-7) Cells
In Vitro
and
In Vivo," Cancer
Research
58, no. 17 (1998); 3833-38; C. D. Allred, K. F. Allred, Y. H. Ju, S. M. Virant, and W G. Helferich, "Soy Diets Containing
Varying Amounts of Genistein Stimulate Growth of Estrogen-Dependent (MCF-7) Tumors in a Dose-Dependent Manner,"
Cancer Research
61, no. 13 (2001): 5045-50; and M. S. Kurzer, "Phytoestrogen Supplement Use by Women,"
Journal of Nutrition
133, no. 6 (2003): S1983-86.

15. John W. Erdman et al., "Not All Soy Products Are Created Equal: Caution Needed in Interpretation of Research Results,"
Journal of Nutrition
134 (May 2004): S1229-33.

16. M. J. Messina and C. L, Loprinzi, "Soy for Breast Cancer Survivors: A Critical Review of the Literature,"
Journal of Nutrition
131, no. 11 (2001): S3095-3108.

17. They include William Helferich, professor of nutrition at the University of Illinois ("Soy Processing Influences Growth
of Estrogen-Dependent Breast Cancer Tumors in Mice,"
Carcinogenesis,
published online May 6, 2004 at www.uiuc.edu); the American Cancer Society; and Barry Sears,
The Soy Zone
(New York: HarperCollins, 2000).

18. Dr. Susan Love commented on the Helferich study in
Artemis,
a newsletter of the Breast Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, June 2004.

19. Bradley J. Wilcox et al.,
The Okinawa Program
(New York: Three Rivers Press, 2001), 114.

20. A. S. Sandberg, "Bioavailability of Minerals in Legumes,"
British Journal of
Nutrition
88 (2002) Suppl. no. 3, 281-85.

21. A. M. Hutchins, J. L. Slavin, and J. W Lampe, "Urinary Isoflavonoid Phytoestrogen and Lignan Excretion After Consumption
of Fermented and Unfermented Soy Products,"
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
95, no. 5 (1995): 545-51.

22. The FDA specialists were D. M. Sheehan and D. R. Doerge. The letter included pages of citations supporting their view.
(Dockets Management Branch [HFA-305], Food and Drug Administration, February 18, 1999.)

23. Y. Ishizuki, Y. Hirooka, Y. Murata, and K. Togashi, "The Effects on the Thyroid Gland of Soybeans Administered Experimentally
in Healthy Subjects,"
Nippon
Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi
767, no. 5 (1991): 622-29.

24. Paper by Dr. Mike Fitzpatrick of New Zealand, "Soya Infant Formula: The Health Concerns," cited in Carol Simontacchi,
The Crazy Makers: How the Food Industry
Is Destroying Our Brains and Harming Our Children
(New York: Jeremy Tarcher/Putnam, 2000), 75.

25. D. M. Sheehan, "Isoflavone Content of Breast Milk and Soy Formulas: Benefits and Risks" (letter),
Clinical Chemistry
43, no. 5 (1997): 850-52.

26. Mary Enig and Sally Fallon,
Eat Fat, Lose Fat
(New York: Hudson Street Press, 2002), 97.

27. They include: the U.S. study MRFIT (analysis in 1997 and 1999), the Scottish Heart Health Study (1997), the National Health
and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998), and a meta-analysis of many studies in the British Medical Journal (2002).

28. W C. Hillel et al, "Sodium Intake and Mortality in the NHANES II Follow-Up
Study," American Journal of Medicine
119 (2006): 275.e7-275.el4.

29. Davide Grassi, Cristina Lippi, Stefano Necozione, Giovambattista Desideri, and Claudio Ferri, "Short-Term Administration
of Dark Chocolate Is Followed by a Significant Increase in Insulin Sensitivity and a Decrease in Blood Pressure in Healthy
Persons,"
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
81 no. 3 (2005): 611-14.

9.
Beyond Cholesterol

1. M. Muenke and M. M. Cohen Jr. "Genetic Approaches to Understanding Brain Development: Holoprosencephaly as a Model,"
Mental Retardation and
Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6,
no. 1 (2000): 15-21.

2. M. Wardlaw Gordon, J. S. Hampl, and R. A. DiSilvestro,
Perspectives in Nutrition,
6th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), 194-96.

3. Anthony Colpo, "LDL Cholesterol: 'Bad' Cholesterol, or Bad Science?"
Journal
of American Physicians and Surgeons
10, no. 3 (2005), 83-89.

4. J. S. Garrow, W P. T. James, and A. Ralph,
Human Nutrition and Dietetics,
10th ed. (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2002), 111.

5. "Fats and Cholesterol— the Good, the Bad, and the Healthy Diet,"
The Nutrition
Source: Knowledge and Information for Healthy Eating,
Harvard School of Public Health, June 16, 2003, available online at: www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource.

6. R. L. Duyff and the American Dietetic Association,
American Dietetic Association
Complete Food and Nutrition Guide,
2nd ed. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2002),
65.

7.
Enig,
Know Your Fats, 57.

8. A. P. Simopoulos, "Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease and in Growth and Development,"
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
54, no. 3 (1991): 449.

9. See McCully and McCully,
The Heart Revolution,
42-44.

10. Theodore B. Van Itallie, "Ancel Keys: A Tribute,"
Nutrition and Metabolism,
February 14, 2005.

11. Mary Enig, "Health and Nutritional Benefits from Coconut Oil: An Important Functional Food for the 21st Century," presented
at the AVOC Lauric Oils Symposium, Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam, April 25, 1996.

12. Ravnkov,
The Cholesterol Myths,
16-17.

13. Stephen Phinney's letter about Keys appeared on www.nutritionandmetabolism.com on February 28, 2005. It was a response
to Theodore B. Van Itallie, "Ancel Keys: A Tribute," in the February 14 issue of
Nutrition and Metabolism.

14. Correspondence with the author, July 23, 2005.

15. These figures are from the American Heart Association. Statistics vary, and there are many different cardiovascular diseases.
The Centers for Disease Control says heart disease killed 696,000 people in 2002 and strokes killed 162,000.

16. Centers for Disease Control,
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
48, no. 30 (1999): 649-56.

17. S. McCully,
The Homocysteine Revolution,
58.

18. R. J. Havlik and M. Feinleib, "Proceedings of the Conference on the Decline in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality, October
24-25, 1978," NIH Publication no. 79-1610, May 1979.

19. "Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease: Screening and Treatment,"
Effective
Health Care
(National Health Service Centre for Reviews and Dissemination) 4, no. 1 (1998): 1.

20. See three studies: K. C. Hayes,
Canadian Journal of Cardiology
11 (1995): Suppl. G, 39-46; K. C. Hayes and P. Khosla, "Dietary Fatty Acid Thresholds and Cholesterolemia,"
FASEB Journal 6
(1992): 2600-2607; and K. Sundram, K. C. Hayes, and O. H. Siru, "Dietary Palmitic Acid Results in Lower Serum Cholesterol
Than Does a Lauric-Myristic Acid Combination in Normolipemic Humans,"
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
59, no. 4 (1994): 841-46.

21.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
74 (December 2001): 730-36.

22. D. B. Shestov et al., "Increased Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Death in Men with Low Total and Low-Density Lipoprotein
Cholesterol in the Russian Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Follow-up Study,"
Circulation
(journal of the American Heart Association) 88 (1993): 846-53.

23. Simopoulos, "Omega-3 Fats in Health and Disease and in Growth and Development," 458.

24. K. M. Anderson, W P. Castelli, and D. Levy, "Cholesterol and Mortality. Thirty years of Follow-up from the Framingham
Study,"
Journal of the American Medical
Association 257,
no. 16 (1987): 2176-80.

25. Enig,
Know Your Fats,
78.

26. For current official guidelines, see the National Cholesterol Education Program at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/ncep. For a
skeptical view, search for cholesterol at www.mercola.com.www.mercola.com.

27. Alex Berenson, "Lipitor or Generic? Billion-Dollar Battle Looms,"
New York
Times,
October 15, 2005.

28. N. Schupf et al., "Relationship Between Plasma Lipids and All-Cause Mortality in Non-Demented Elderly,"
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
53 (2005): 219-229.

29. "OTC Statins: A Bad Decision for Public Health," editorial,
Lancet
363, no. 9422 (2004).

30. International Coenzyme Q
₁₀
Association to U.S. Food and Drug Administration, September 5, 2001. The International Coenzyme Q
₁₀
Association, a body of scientists and medical professionals who conduct extensive research on coenzyme Q
₁₀
, issued a letter to the FDA, noting that statins block the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10. Ironically, coenzyme Q
₁₀
is critical for proper heart function, and the letter states that "although statin therapy has been shown to have benefits,
the long-term response in ischemic heart disease may have been blunted due to the CoQ
₁₀
depleting effect" and cites several sources. See also Cordain, "Dietary Macronutrient Ratios and Their Effect on Biochemical
Indicators of Risk for Heart Disease."