26
Hayward, “The Real Cost of Tackling Climate Change.”
32
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, full report, 2.
34
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, news release.
38
Fred Krupp, speech at CERAWeek conference, hosted by Cambridge Energy Research Associates, Houston, February 12, 2009.
39
Howard Herzog, speech at CERAWeek conference, Houston, February 13, 2009.
49
Goodell, “Coal's New Technology.”
52
Energy Information Administration, “Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption and Flaring of Fossil Fuels, 1980â2006.”
53
That 3 billion tons is also approximately equal to emissions from the U.S. electric utility sector. (That sector accounts for about 40 percent of total U.S. emissions, or about 2.4 billion tons.) Carbon dioxide emissions data is from Energy Information Administration, “Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption and Flaring of Fossil Fuels, 1980â2006.”
54
Vaclav Smil, “Energy at the Crossroads: Background Notes for a Presentation at the Global Science Forum Conference on Scientific Challenges for Energy Research, Paris,” May 17â18, 2006,
http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~vsmil/pdf_pubs/oecd.pdf
, 21. Also, carbon dioxide reaches a critical point at 74 atmospheres, which is about 1,087 psi. For more on this, see Economy-point.org, “Critical Point (thermodynamics),” n.d.,
http://www.economy-point.org/c/critical-point-thermodynamics.html
.
55
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009. In 2008, global production was 81.8 million barrels per day.
57
Smil, “Energy at the Crossroads.”
58
Paul Freund and Olav Kaarstad,
Keeping the Lights On: Fossil Fuels in the Century of Climate Change
(Oslo: Universitetsflorlaget, 2007), 156. The authors estimate that the parasitic load would be about 18 percent on a combined-cycle natural gasâfired power plant and about 28 percent on a coal-fired plant.
Chapter 16
2
U.S. Geological Survey, “Major Findings from USGS Mercury in Stream Ecosystem Studies,” n.d.,
http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/mercury/majorfindings.html
. Barbara C. Scudder, Lia C. Chasar, Dennis A. Wentz, Nancy J. Bauch, Mark E. Brigham, Patrick W. Moran, and David P. Krabbenhoft, “Mercury in Fish, Bed Sediment, and Water from Streams Across the United States, 1998â2005,” n.d. (mid-August 2009),
http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5109/pdf/sir20095109.pdf
, 10.
3
U.S. Geological Survey, “Major Findings from USGS Mercury in Stream Ecosystem Studies.”
4
Scudder et al., “Mercury in Fish,” 2.
Chapter 17
3
Twenty years ago, I published numerous articles about the pollution problems and bird kills caused by the oil and gas industry in Oklahoma and Texas. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, I wrote articles for the
Tulsa Tribune
and other papers about the thousands of migratory birds that were being killed in open oil waste pits. I also wrote about careless industry practices that were polluting aquifers. Three of my articles from that time period are: “Crackdown Due on Foul Water Holes: Birds Fall Victim to Slime in 3 States,”
Tulsa Tribune
, November 17, 1989,
http://www.robertbryce.com/node/298
; “Oil Wastes Taint Water Supply,”
Christian Science Monitor
, April 18, 1991,
http://www.csmonitor.com/1991/0418/18061.html
; and “Caustic Pits,”
Field and Stream
, March 1991. In 1991 I also wrote a long article for
Texas Monthly
that exposed the lax pollution enforcement of the Texas Railroad Commission, the agency charged with regulating the oil and gas industry in the Lone Star State. See Robert Bryce, “More Precious Than Oil,”
Texas Monthly
, February 1991.
10
Emmanuel de Merode, e-mail correspondence with author, April 17, 2009.
13
Emmanuel de Merode, e-mail correspondence with author, April 17, 2009. For more information, see Gorillacd.org.