Read Oedipus the King Online

Authors: Sophocles,Evangelinus Apostolides Sophocles

Tags: #Drama, #Ancient & Classical, #Literary Collections, #Poetry, #test

Oedipus the King (3 page)

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To make the daimon

* more physically present, in gesture, voice inflection, movement, spatial relations, is highly desirable, whether it happens in the reader's imagination or the director's realization. I will examine five moments in the play where such reinforcement is possible; some of these are of minor, others of large potential impact.

(1) At line 80/93 Oedipus responds to the sight of Kreon returning from Delphi. He calls out to the god presiding at Delphi:
O Lord Apollo,
may the luck he brings save us! Luck so bright
we can see itjust as we see him now.
Oedipus prays here to the very force, Apollo, that will destroy him. An altar to Apollo is on stage; the suppliants have approached it and perhaps laid their branches on it; Jocasta will herself later pay tribute here. It is possible that the shrine includes a statue of Apollo. Statues are referred to several times in the play, once quite poignantly by Oedipus at line 1379/1582. Any gesture by Oedipus at line 80/93 that alerts the audience to the reality of Apollo (by involving his statue or altar, for instance), will add to the texture of confidence Oedipus so mistakenly feels.
(2) When the Chorus Leader announces Tiresias' arrival he declares:
There is the man who will convict him. (297/364)
The ''him" designates the murderer of Laius, who has been the focus of immediate discussion. This "him" Tiresias will soon be provoked to convict turns out to be, of course, Oedipus himself. Here the daimons* presence rises far beyond an ambiguous pronoun to fill the raging argument that soon develops between the king and his seer, and which concludes in the crescendo of violent revelation from Tiresias. If the daimon* is anywhere actually speaking, it is in Tiresias' words naming Oedipus' horrifying acts. In Oedipus' rising anger at the recalcitrant prophet we hear a voice absolutely assured of its own righteousness, one convinced that a rational cosmos supports his fury. The actor playing Tiresias must register something grander than retaliatory pique. We must grasp the actual horror Tiresias feels at the pollution Oedipus' body holds, and feel that Tiresias' anger is not only a response to Oedipus' taunts, but to his crimes. To give such a cast to his speech, Tiresias should speak
ex cathedra,
from near the altar of Apollo. Tiresias' very blindness may be used to announce Apollo's uncanny help by having the blind prophet eerily aim his words directly at Oedipus. Much later in the play, when Oedipus himself enters blind and weak, he should evoke

 

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Tiresias' entrance, led by a boy servant, and repeat the prophet's seeking of a vantage at Apollo's altar, this time in understanding and acceptance of the truth. Apollo is
in
Tiresias; by physically becoming like Tiresias, Oedipus will reveal how utterly Apollo is now present in him as well.
(3) At line 716/842, the precise moment when Jocasta is ''proving" to Oedipus that he could not have murdered Laius, she gives the detail that will inform Oedipus of his almost certain guilt:
Yet, as we heard the story, foreign bandits
murdered Laius at a place where three roads meet.
The daimon

* in those words strikes Oedipus a physical blow; Jocasta notices his distraught reaction and asks its cause in her next speech, at 728/857. Oedipus describes what happened inside him when she named the crossroads:

Just now, as I listened to you, Lady, my heart raced,
something in my memory woke up terrified. (72627/85556)
The daimon has invaded Oedipus' memory, and the actor should show us by physical gesture that it is there.
(4) A few lines later, Oedipus has composed himself enough to put into a logical narrative (771833/898977) what he now knows, that under the surface of his threatened but successful life another set of events has been happening, whose moral import he is just now perceiving. His words reveal an unexpected vulnerability. Oedipus is not now the manly commander totally in charge. His present anxiety unearths the anxiety of years past. The actor may be able to suggest that Oedipus' great stature has diminished; his body language should reflect, however subtly, the blow struck by the drunk's accusation, Oedipus' uneasy reassurance by his parents, the pounding of the accusation in his mind, his resentment at the treatment he received at Delphi, his flight, his awful realization that his flight was guided to the place where three roads meet. As he remembers and acts out the killing of Laius and his men, this time the full knowledge of Apollo's presence in his hands should cause the motions he makes to be slow, implacable, as uncontrollable as the daimon itself. He is now killing his predecessor in the knowledge of what he did. He is the
autocheir
, the one whose hands killed, or more freely, the red-handed one. Hands in this play are mentioned repeatedly, they are what the
miasma
, the pollution, stains. The actor's use of his hands should possess this knowledge.
(5) Of all the daimons* interventions, the one in response to Jocasta's prayer at lines (91123/106476) is the most vivid and unmistakable.

 

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