Nothing Ever Dies: Vietnam and the Memory of War (52 page)
- Herr, Michael, 35–36, 103, 117, 122
- Hirsch, Marianne, 268
- Hmong people: films about, 123–25, 126; psychological trauma of, 234–35; transformation of trauma for, 281–83; in war stories, 242–43, 244–45
- Ho Chi Minh: art of, 160–62; characterization of, 28–29; mausoleum of, 157–60; memorial to, 24; Vietnamese people’s view of, 158
- Ho Chi Minh City.
See
Saigon
- Ho Chi Minh Museum, 159
- Ho Chi Minh Trail, 25
- Hoi An, 154
- Holden, William, 130
- Hollywood, 13–14
- Holocaust, 87, 258
- Hong, Cathy Park, 215
- Hudson, Rock, 130
- Human waste, 243–45
- Hussein, Saddam, 49
- Hwang Suk-Yong, 139–41
- Hyde, Lewis, 296
- Ieng Sary, 299
- Imperial powers, 139
- Industry of memory: casualties of war and, 156–57; components of, 107–8; ghosts of war and, 183–87; inequities in, 183–84; vs. memory industry, 106; power and, 107, 108; prisoners of war and, 172–73; propaganda in, 114–15; of small country vs. superpower, 157–89; structures of feeling in, 107; in the United States, 108–28; weapons and, 166–67
- In Every Neighborhood
(
O moi xom;
Sinh), 175, 177
- In the Year of the Pig
(film), 119
- Invisible Man
(Ellison), 63
- Iraq War, 2, 6–7, 14, 42, 83
- Irish Americans, 201
- Islamists, 95
- Iyer, Pico, 109
- Jager, Sheila Miyoshi, 135
- James, William, 232
- Japanese army, 227–28
- Japanese goods, 140
- Jarhead
(film), 118
- Jeffords, Susan, 145
- Jewish Americans, 201
- Jin, Ha, 244
- Johnson, Chalmers, 115–16
- Jo Sung Mo, 151
- Journey from the Fall
(Tran), 233–34
- Just forgetting: art in, 286–87; capitalism and, 285, 295–96; vs. forgetting, 279, 297; forgiveness and, 279–80, 286–95; gift giving in, 296–97; imagining utopia in, 285–86; just memory in, 297; path toward, 283; rarity of, 284; reconciliation and, 295–96; release of suffering for, 280–83; vs. unjust forgetting, 284
- Just memory: description of, 17; ethics of recognition in, 19; importance of, 16–17; for just forgiveness, 297; methods of dealing with excessive memories in, 17–18; moral priority of, 68; prerequisites for, 283; requirements for, 18
- Kant, Immanuel, 291
- Karlin, Wayne, 119, 295
- Kar Savuth, 85
- Kennedy, John F., 125
- Khieu Samphan, 299
- Khmer Rouge, 254, 255, 268–69; Cambodian casualties of, 7; ethics of recognition and, 83–93; good vs. evil and, 95–96; humanity vs. inhumanity and, 97–100; as laughing matter, 93–94; length of regime of, 129; monuments to, 297–99; prosecution of, 289–90; vs. terrorists, 95
- “Khong Khoc O California” (“Don’t Cry in California”; Thiep), 280
- Kim, Kyung Hyun, 145
- King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1–3, 50, 62, 153, 273, 291
- Kingsolver, Barbara, 273
- Kingston, Maxine Hong, 194–95, 225, 277
- Kinnell, Galway, 213
- Kipling, Rudyard, 251
- Kissinger, Henry, 26
- Korea: antiwar memories of, 139–49; criticism of United States by, 151; culture of, 132–33, 151–52; economy of, 130–31, 149–50, 151–52; film industry of, 144–49; number of Vietnam casualties from, 156; subimperial power of, 139, 152; U.S. patriotism and, 152–53; vs. Vietnam, 133–34; Vietnamese brides in, 143; Vietnamese people’s memories of, 150–51; Vietnam soldiers from, 136–55, 150–51; Vietnam War memorials in, 136–39; war machine of, 135–36
- Korean immigrants, 130–32
- Korean War: division of Korea and, 129; films about, 130; memorials to, 134–39, 152; memories of, 6; novels about, 141–43; number of casualties of, 129; South Koreans’ view of, 129–30; television shows about, 133
- Korean War Memorial, 152
- Koreatown, 130, 131–32, 153
- Kubrick, Stanley, 179
- Kundera, Milan, 10, 26, 94, 182
- Kuras, Ellen, 292–93
- Kuwait, 6, 51–52
- Kwon, Heonik, 151
- Lam, Andrew, 205
- Land Mine Museum, 172
- Language: in industrial memories, 15
- Lao Hmong American War Memorial, 152
- Lao People’s Army History Museum, 186
- Laos: acknowledgment of conflict in, 7; apology for war atrocities by, 288; caves in, 186–87; commodification of war in, 15; extension of war into, 6; leader of, 44; memorials for, 152; movies about, 123; recognition of veterans in, 66–67; Vietnam’s presence in, 186; war casualties in, 7, 8, 156, 157; weapon displays of, 162–66
- Larsen, Wendy Wilder, 209
- Last Night I Dreamed of Peace
(Tram), 212, 274–75
- The Last Parallel
(Russ), 130
- The Latehomecomer
(Yang), 237, 241–42, 245–46
- Latino Americans, 153, 200, 219
- Laughter, 93–94
- Lê, An-My, 262–63, 266–67, 270
- Lê, Dinh Q., 233, 268–69, 270
- Le Duan, 24
- Le Duc Tho, 26
- Lê Minh Khuê, 119
- Le, Nam, 201–2
- le thi diem thuy, 194
- Lee, Chang-Rae, 248–49, 250
- Lessing, Doris, 286
- Levinas, Emmanuel, 84, 95, 99, 227, 272
- Lieux de memoire, 42
- Life
magazine, 101
- Lighters, 177–78
- Lincoln, Abraham, 24–25
- Lin, Maya, 47, 52–53, 55, 66
- Literature: about mourning the dead, 194; authenticity of, 210–11; collaboration and betrayal in, 211–13; education related to writing, 206–7; of ethnic minorities, 197–222; mourning the dead in, 194–98; mythical immigrant story in, 220–21; as part of war machine, 111; prizes for, 208, 209; purpose of, 253; of war, 30–32, 51, 61, 139–43.
See also
War stories
- Little Saigon: citizens’ war memories in, 42–44; description of, 40–42
- Living in Fear
(film), 171–72
- The Lotus and the Storm
(Cao), 203, 212
- “Love and Honor and Pity and Pride and Compassion and Sacrifice” (Le), 201–2
- Love like Hate
(Dinh), 215
- Lucas, George, 109
- MacArthur Foundation, 262
- Mai Dich Martyrs Cemetery, 26–27
- Majority people: in films and books about war, 56; genocide and, 92; minority myths of, 131; power of, 43, 60–61; as saviors in films, 124–25
- Mang Satire, 87
- Margalit, Avishai, 27, 55, 56, 59, 292
- Marker, Chris, 302, 303
- Marx, Karl, 107, 164, 294
- Masculinity, 145
- M*A*S*H
(television series), 133
- Mbembe, Achille, 158, 180
- McCain, John, 173
- McCarthy, Mary, 113
- McGurl, Mark, 208
- McNamara, Robert, 83
- Media: in industrialization of war, 13–14; influence of authorities over, 11; Korean culture in, 132.
See also specific media
- Memory industry, 106, 175, 177–79
- “Me So Horny” (2 Live Crew), 179–80
- Mexican people, 59
- Military History Museum, 163, 165
- Military-industrial complex.
See
War machine
- Mines, 25, 45, 172
- Minority people: cultural sensitivity toward, 83; double consciousness of, 53–54; in films and books about war, 56; lack of power of, 43, 60–61; literature authored by, 197–222; majority’s myth about, 131; memorials to, 56; notable histories of, 200–201; power of, 196–97; riots involving, 130; as veterans of war, 44, 56–59; as victims, 196–97, 221; war on, 219; war stories by, 248–49
- Mishra, Pankaj, 240
- The Missing Picture
(film), 86–88, 99–100
- Moon, Seungsook, 136
- Morrison, Toni, 65, 269
- Moua, Mai Neng, 67, 68, 244–45
- Movie industry: in commodification of war, 13–15
- MTV Cribs
(television show), 104
- Museum of Contemporary Art, 165
- Museum of the Boat People and the Republic of Vietnam, 39–40
- Museum of the Revolution, 29–30
- Museum of the Son My Massacre, 150
- Musical scores, 117
- Music videos, 151
- My Lai massacre, 30, 141, 150, 177
- Nabokov, Vladimir, 43
- National Cemetery of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, 37
- Native Americans, 200
- Native Speaker
(Lee), 248–49
- Necropolitical regimes, 158–59, 180
- Nerakhoon
(
The Betrayal;
film), 292–93
- New Year Baby
(film), 89
- Ngo Dinh Diem, 105
- Nguyen, Bich Minh, 213
- Nguyen Cao Ky, 150
- Nguyen, Hien Trong, 45
- Nguyen Huy Thiep, 238–41, 280
- Nguyen Ngoc Loan, 105
- Nguyen Phu Cuong, 175
- Nguyen, Phuong, 204
- Nguyen Quang Sang, 119
- Nguyen Qui Duc, 212
- Nguyen Thi Hien, 185
- Nguyen Van Lem, 105
- Nguyen-Vo Thu-Huong, 194
- Nhat Ky Dang Thuy Tram
(
The Diary of Dang Thuy Tram;
Tram), 274–75
- Nietzsche, Friedrich, 17, 103
- Night of the Living Dead
(film), 174
- Nora, Pierre, 42
- North Korea, 129
- Novel without a Name
(Huong), 61
- Nussbaum, Martha, 273, 275–76
- Obama, Barack, 56–59
- O’Brien, Tim, 116, 225–26, 229, 233, 244, 247, 248
- O’Connor, Flannery, 207
- Ode to My Father
(film), 145, 148–49
- Okinawa Prefectural Peace Museum, 260–61
- O moi xom
(
In Every Neighborhood;
Sinh), 175, 177
- Ondaatje, Michael, 276–77
- Paco’s Story
(Heinemann), 235–36
- Page, Tim, 183
- Palumbo-Liu, David, 211
- Panama, 6
- Panh, Rithy, 83, 84–88, 92–93, 97, 99–100, 255, 262
- Papageorge, Tod, 231–32, 235, 263
- Paradise of the Blind
(Huong), 61
- Paris Peace Accords, 26
- Park, Jinim, 140
- Peace movements, 265–66
- Pelaud, Isabelle Thuy, 200
- People’s Cemetery of Binh An, 35–39
- Perfume Dreams: Reflections on the Vietnamese Diaspora
(Lam), 205
- Pham, Andrew X., 206, 212
- Phan, Aimee, 206
- Phan Thi Kim Phuc, 105
- Phi, Bao, 217, 218
- Philippine-American War: memory of, 5–6
- Philippines, 251; American expansion in, 7
- Phnom Penh, 83, 95
- Photographers, 183–84
- Photographs: of ancestors, 193–94; of death camp victims, 255; of Ho Chi Minh’s body, 158, 159; most famous, 105; as part of war machine, 105–6; powerful memory and, 262–63, 266–67; power of, 105, 108; as presence that invokes absence, 183–85; in shock of recognition, 112; of U.S. homeland during war, 231–32
- Phrasavath, Thavisouk, 292
- Poeuv, Socheata, 89
- Pol Pot, 297–99
- Postcards from the End of America
(Dinh), 216–17
- Postmemory, 268