New York at War (56 page)

11
Simon Schama,
The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 240.

12
Jaap Jacobs,
New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America
(Leiden: Brill, 2005), 101.

13
Willem Frijhoff, “New Views of the Dutch Period of New York,”
de Halve Maen: Magazine of the Dutch Colonial Period in America
71, no. 2 (Summer 1998): 26; Ron van Oers,
Dutch Town Planning Overseas During
VOC
and
WIC
Rule (1600–1800)
(Zutphen, Netherlands: Walburg Pers, 2000), 9–16.

14
“Special Instructions for the Engineer and Surveyor,” in Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes,
The Iconography of Manhattan Island
(New York: R. H. Dodd, 1915–1928), 6:10–11; “Special Instructions for Cryn Fredericksz,” in
Documents Relating to New Netherland, 1624–1626, in the Henry E. Huntington Library
, trans. and ed. A. J. F. van Laer (San Marino, CA: The Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, 1924), 132, 135–136, 139–140; Frans Westra, “Lost and Found: Crijn Fredericx—A New York Founder,”
de Haeve Maen
71, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 7–12.

15
“From the ‘Historisch Verhael,’ by Nicholas van Wassenaer, 1624–1630,” in
Narratives of New Netherland 1609–1664
, ed. J. Franklin Jameson (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909), 88–89.

16
Ibid., 89.

17
“Novum Belgium, by Father Isaac Jogues, 1646,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 259; Edward Robb Ellis,
The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History
(New York: Coward-McCann, 1966), 31; Russell Shorto,
The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America
(New York: Doubleday, 2004), 187, 207.

18
Elizabeth Donnan,
Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America,
vol. 3,
New England and the Middle Colonies
, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 409 (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1932), 405, 410, 426; Edgar J. McManus,
A History of Negro Slavery in New York
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1966), 3–4, 7–8, 11.

19
A. J. F. van Laer,
New York Historical Manuscripts: Dutch
, vol. 4,
Council Minutes, 1638–1649
(Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1974), 269, quoted in Shorto,
Island
, 84–85; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 34.

20
Anne-Marie Cantwell and Diana diZerega Wall,
Unearthing Gotham: The Archaeology of New York City
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 144.

21
Michael Kammen,
Colonial New York: A History
(New York: Scribner, 1975), 46; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 10; “The Representation of New Netherland, 1650,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 300; Donna Merwick,
The Shame and the Sorrow: Dutch-Amerindian Encounters in New Netherland
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 19; Paul Otto,
The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America
(New York: Berghahn Books, 2006), 64.

22
“Letter of Reverend Jonas Michaelius, 1628,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 126–127; Anonymous, “Journal of New Netherland, 1647,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 274.

23
Jacobs,
New Netherland
, 36, 116; “‘Historisch Verhael,’” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives,
84–85; Evan Haefeli, “Kieft’s War and the Cultures of Violence in Colonial America,” in
Lethal Imagination: Violence and Brutality in American History
, ed. Michael A. Bellesiles (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 33.

24
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 106–108, 109–110.

25
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:148–149.

26
Jacobs,
New Netherland
, 133.

27
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 110.

28
Merwick,
The Shame
, 95–101, 109, 114, 172.

29
Jacobs,
New Netherland
, 51–54, 57, 388, 438–439; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 34.

30
“From the ‘Korte Historiael Ende Journals Aenteyckeninge,’ by David Pietersz. De Vries, 1633–1643 (1655),” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 208–209; van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 110–112.

31
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 112–113; Merwick,
The Shame
, 123–124; Allen W. Trelease,
Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1960), 66–67.

32
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 112–113.

33
Parr,
Voyages
, 60–63.

34
“From the ‘Korte Historiael’ . . . by de Vries,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 191.

35
Ibid., 234; van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 116; Parr,
Voyages
, 212.

36
“From the ‘Korte Historiael’ . . . by de Vries,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 225–226; van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 117–118.

37
“From the ‘Korte Historiael’ . . . by de Vries,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 227–228; van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 118–119.

38
“From the ‘Korte Historiael’ . . . by de Vries,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 228.

39
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 109.

40
“From the ‘Korte Historiael’ . . . by de Vries,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 229.

41
Ibid., 229–232.

42
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 137; Merwick,
The Shame,
135–136, 157–158.

43
Jacobs,
New Netherland
, 139; Merwick,
The Shame
, 175.

44
“From the ‘Korte Historiael’ . . . by de Vries,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 234.

45
Merwick,
The Shame,
220–222; Ellis,
Epic,
67–69.

46
Ellis,
Epic,
67–69; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 68–70.

47
This, however, is not to suggest that the Lenape ceased to be a military presence, albeit a diminished one. As late as the 1760s, British colonial authorities had to take into account the belligerence of Lenape groups in Pennsylvania, in New Jersey, and on the New York frontier. See Grumet,
Munsee Indians
, 75–79, 140–141, 190–191, 197–198, 224, 226, 227, 239–240, 261–267.

Chapter 2

1
Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes,
The Iconography of Manhattan Island
(New York: R. H. Dodd, 1915–1928), 4:128, 137–138; “From the ‘Korte Historiael Ende Journals Aenteyckeninge,’ by David Pietersz. De Vries, 1633–1643 (1655),” in
Narratives of New Netherland 1609–1664
, ed. J. Franklin Jameson (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909), 196. The English statesman was Sir William Batten, surveyor of the navy, whose anti-Dutch comment was recorded by Samuel Pepys in his famous diary; see Simon Schama,
The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 234.

2
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:133.

3
Ibid., 4:138–139; Henri and Barbara van der Zee
, A Sweet and Alien Land: The Story of Dutch New York
(New York: Viking Press, 1978), 232.

4
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:146.

5
Ibid., 4:149.

6
Ibid., 4:133–135; “Report on the Surrender of New Netherland, by Peter Stuyvesant, 1665,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 460.

7
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 150–157; Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace,
Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 41–42.

8
Edward Robb Ellis,
The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History
(New York: Coward-McCann, 1966), 41; van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land,
159; Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:118–119; “The Representation of New Netherland, 1650,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 331, 342–343, 347, 352.

9
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 28.

10
Ibid., 139, 213, 219–222.

11
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:212; ibid., 314.

12
Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 40; van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 89–93.

13
Jaap Jacobs,
New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America
(Leiden: Brill, 2005), 305–312; Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:142; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham,
59–61.

14
Michael Kammen,
Colonial New York: A History
(New York: Scribner, 1975), 60–63.

15
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 239–242, 249; Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:147.

16
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 383, 445.

17
Ibid., 242–243.

18
Ibid., 383–384.

19
Ibid., 381–383; Russell Shorto
, The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America
(New York: Doubleday, 2004), 285–288.

20
Introduction, “Letter of the Town Council of New Amsterdam, 1664,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 449–450; van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 447–450.

21
“Letters of the Dutch Ministers to the Classis of Amsterdam, 1655–1664,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 414; Kammen,
Colonial New York
, 72.

22
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 450–458.

23
Stokes,
Iconography
, Volume 4, 201.

24
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 274–275, 431.

25
Ibid., 455, 457; “Report by Stuyvesant, 1665,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 460; Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:239.

26
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:240; van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 459.

27
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 459–460; Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:240; Kammen,
Colonial New York
, 71–72; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 73.

28
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:243–244; Kammen,
Colonial New York
, 71–73; van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 460–461; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 73.

29
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:244; “Report by Stuyvesant, 1665,” in Jameson, ed.,
Narratives
, 465.

30
Van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 461–462.

31
Stokes,
Iconography
, 4:244; Kammen,
Colonial New York
, 71–72; van der Zee,
A Sweet and Alien Land
, 463, 473–474.

32
Jacobs,
New Netherland
, 185–186; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham,
82; Donald G. Shomette and Robert D. Haslach,
Raid on America: The Dutch Naval Campaign of 1672–1674
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), 165–169, 172–175.

33
Shomette and Haslach,
Raid
, 311–313.

Chapter 3

1
Robert C. Ritchie,
Captain Kidd and the War Against the Pirates
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), 87–88, 96–98.

2
Ibid., 50–55, 64–65.

3
Ibid., 113–116, 282; Jacob Judd, “Frederick Philipse and the Madagascar Trade,”
New-York Historical Society Quarterly
55, no. 4 (October 1971): 354–374; James G. Lydon,
Pirates, Privateers, and Profits
(Upper Saddle River, NJ: Gregg Press, 1970), 49.

4
Lydon,
Pirates, Privateers
, 39–47; Ritchie,
Captain Kidd
, 132–135.

5
Ritchie,
Captain Kidd
, 39, 78, 251 n28.

6
Ibid., 210–211, 222–227.

7
Cathy Matson,
Merchants and Empire: Trading in Colonial New York
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 63.

8
Ibid., 99, 135, 159, 184–187, 275; Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes,
The Iconography of Manhattan Island
(New York: R. H. Dodd, 1915–1928), 4:453.

9
Wayne Andrews, editor, “A Glance at New York in 1697: The Travel Diary of Dr. Benjamin Bullivant,”
New-York Historical Society Quarterly
40, no. 1 (January 1956): 61–62; Lawrence H. Leder, “ ‘Dam’me Don’t Stir a Man’: Trial of New York Mutineers in 1700,”
New-York Historical Society Quarterly
42 (July 1958): 280.

10
Stanley McCrory Pargellis, “The Four Independent Companies of New York,” in
Essays in Colonial History Presented to Charles McLean Andrews by His Students
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1931), 104; Michael Kammen,
Colonial New York: A History
(New York: Scribner, 1975), 307.