Nation and Family: Personal Law, Cultural Pluralism, and Gendered Citizenship in India (68 page)

cruelty
simpliciter
,
149

cultural accommodation: forms of,
40–41
,
60–61
,
64
,
73
,
78–81
,
89–90
,
198–201
; national consolidation and,
267–269

cultural accommodation in India: and alimony rights of Muslim women,
247
; forms of,
7
; minority-law reform and,
42–43
,
97–98
,
201–206
,
262–264

cultural change,
65–66

cultural diversity,
59–62
,
199–201
,
268–269

cultural stability,
65–66

cultures, indigenous.
See
indigenous cultures

customary divorces,
161–165
,
307n78
,
307n80

custom(s): adjudication and,
78–79
; debates over inheritance law and recognition of,
114–116
; and determination of extent of
mata
,
247
; divorce and recognition of,
161–165
; Hindu consolidation and recognition of,
111
; of
illatom
adoption,
173
; Muslim law reforms and,
82
,
209–210
; policy makers’ views on recognition of,
110
,
113–114
; religious norms and social structure and,
33–40
; responses of Islamic scholars to,
37
,
79–83

Czechoslovakia,
64

Dadaji Bhikaji v Rukhmabai
(1885–6),
166–167

Danial Latifi v. Union of India
(2001),
233
,
234
,
244
,
245–247
,
255
,
317n69

Darul Uloom Deoband,
10
,
97
,
208
,
209
,
223
,
224

Darul Uloom Manzar-e-Islam,
208
,
209
,
223
,
224

Dastane
(1975),
150–151
,
303nn36–37

Dayabhaga
law,
79
,
104
; influence of, on postcolonial policy formation,
85
,
111–112
,
120–121
; inheritance under,
112
,
114
,
121
,
310n134
; joint property under,
104
,
135

Dayal Singh v. Bhajan Kaur
(1973),
178

Dehlavi, Shah Waliullah,
207

Deo, R. N. Singh,
117

Department of Women and Child Development,
140–141
,
188

desertion, as grounds for divorce,
158–160
,
173
,
218
,
256
,
257
,
258
,
302n19
,
306n71

Deshmukh, G. V.,
298n39

Deshpande, V. G.,
113

Deshpande, V. S.,
172

Dhanalakshmi
(1975),
172–173

discourses of community: development of,
58–59
; features of state-society relations and,
47
; modernity and authenticity in,
66
; nation-community and modernity-authenticity in,
45–46
; purposes of,
57–58
; state-society relations and,
28–32

Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act (DMMA),
11
,
12
,
211
,
301n8
,
313n9

diversity, cultural,
59–62

divorce: adultery as grounds for,
12
,
110–111
,
119–120
,
128
,
143–145
,
153–158
,
197
,
254–258
,
303n36
,
305n39
; bigamy as grounds for,
120
,
159
,
205
,
218
,
237
,
317n69
; under Christian law,
87
,
89
,
128
,
153
,
168
,
205–206
,
217–219
,
227
,
228
,
229–230
,
234–235
,
254–259
,
261–262
,
320n113
; conditions of,
196–197
; cruelty as grounds for,
110–111
,
143–145
,
148–153
,
156
,
173
,
196
,
218
,
256
,
257
,
258
,
301n8
,
302n19
,
303nn33–34
,
303–304n39
,
304n40
,
304n42
,
317n69
; customary,
161–165
,
307n78
,
307n80
; desertion as grounds for,
158–160
,
173
,
218
,
256
,
257
,
258
,
302n19
,
306n71
; under Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act,
313n9
; Hindu law reform and,
142–160
; irretrievable marital breakdown as grounds for,
147–148
; and mobilization regarding Christian law,
87
,
226–230
; and mobilization regarding Muslim law,
222–223
,
224–225
; Muslim initiatives regarding,
211–212
; under Muslim law,
205–206
,
215–217
; unilateral male repudiation and,
43
,
55
,
89
,
160
,
163–164
,
205
,
212
,
215–216
,
224–225
,
232
,
234
,
247–251
,
263–264
,
282
,
284
; women-initiated,
118–119
,
163–164
,
251
,
306n76
.
See also
divorce rights

divorce rights: and agenda for further personal-law reform in India,
281
,
283
; Christian law reform and,
87
,
89
,
128
,
153
,
168
,
205–206
,
217–219
,
227
,
228
,
229–230
,
234–235
,
254–259
,
261–262
,
320n113
; of Christians and Hindus,
320n113
; Hindu law reform and,
88
,
89
,
106–107
,
118–120
,
142–160
; under Hindu Marriage Act,
175
; modernist reforms and,
34
; in postcolonial policy formation,
113–114
; Special Marriage Act and,
128
,
130
; women’s rights and,
135
,
316n63
.
See also
maintenance rights

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK),
188
,
301n3

Dravida subschool of
Mitakshara
law,
181
,
186

Dr. Narayan Ganesh Dastane v. Mrs. Sucheta Naryan Dastane
(1975),
150–151
,
303n36

Dwaraka Bai v. Professor Nainan Mathews
(1953),
254–255

economy: and postcolonial social reforms,
26–28
; women’s inheritance rights and,
124–125

Ecumenical Committee for Changes in Christian Personal Laws,
228–229
,
259

Edla Neelaya v. Edla Ramada alias Ramadas
(1995),
165

Egypt: constitutional role of
sharia
in,
60
,
268–269
; Coptic Christian law in,
60
,
65
,
200–201
; cultural diversity in,
60
; as example of catchall regime,
48–49
,
57
; as example of moderate reform,
5–6
,
6
,
7
,
19
,
57
,
76–77
; marginalization of Christian minority in,
65
; state courts in family law in,
61

employment, restitution of conjugality and,
172–173

European states, and regulation of family,
19

family: discourses of nation and community and regulation of,
59–62
; formation of,
35–37
,
266–271
; formation of, in India,
278–281
; influences over approaches to formation of,
45–47
,
271–277
; inheritance and patrilineal visions of,
121–126
; modernist views on,
137–138
; modernity
and authenticity and regulation of,
66–70
; shift from lineage to nuclear,
5
,
21–22
,
70
,
88
,
96
,
139
; visions of, in India,
83–87
.
See also
inheritance; joint family system

family law.
See
personal law

Feener, Michael,
37

female ultimogeniture,
300n92

fiqh
,
11
,
94

Fischer, Alexander,
42–43

Foucault, Michel,
20
,
31–32

France, recognition of religion in,
40–41
,
59
,
68

Free Officers regime,
48–49
,
276

Friedman, Lawrence, on changes in Western family law,
20
,
30
,
33

Front de Libération Nationale (FLN),
48
,
77

Fulchand Maganlal v. Unknown
(1928),
154

Fuzlunbi v. Khader Vali
(1980),
238–239

Fyzee, Asaf Ali,
97
,
203
,
208
,
240
,
293n61

Gajendragadkar, P. B.,
145–146
,
301n12

Gandhi, Mohandas (“Mahatma”),
15–16
,
24
,
28
,
81
,
204
,
214

Gandhi, Rajiv,
242

Gandhi, Sonia,
191
,
194

Gandhians,
83–84

gender equality: in Christian divorce rights,
254–258
; Christian law reform and,
265

gender inequalities: in inheritance law,
181–184
; in personal law,
4

Gerschenkron, Alexander,
27

Gita Masand v. Narain Dass
(1985),
156–157

Gokalp, Ziya,
73

Government of India Act (1935),
293n59
,
313n8

Govindaraju v. Munisami Gounder
(1997),
163–164

Govindrao Ranoji Musale v. Sou. Anandibai
(1976),
177
,
178
,
179

Govind v. State of M.P
. (1975),
297n9

G.V.N. Kameshwara Rao v. G. Jabilli
(2002),
152–153

Hafeezuddin, Begum,
212

Hanafi law,
11–12
,
56
,
209
,
211
,
212
,
215
,
216
,
217
,
239–240
,
251

Hanumanthappa, N. Y.,
192

Harvinder Kaur
(1984),
168–169

Hill, Christopher,
27

Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (HAMA),
107
,
175–176
,
177
,
178

Hindu Code Bill (HCB),
107
,
116
,
117
,
120–121
,
122
,
124
,
128
,
185
,
310n132

Hindu Gains of Learning Act,
36

Hindu law: application of, to non-Hindus,
79
,
111
,
220
; basis of,
8
,
12
,
94–95
; changes proposed in, soon after independence,
111–112
; conjugal rights under,
99
,
143–144
,
166–173
; consolidation of,
107
,
108
,
110–111
,
116
; focus on, reform in postcolonial policy formation,
97–100
; Indian postcolonial reforms in,
87–89
,
137–138
,
279
; influence of other personal-law systems on,
116–117
; legal reform and,
16
,
42
; lineage authority under,
93–94
,
102–103
,
104–105
,
115–116
,
123
,
138
,
139
,
180–181
,
182–183
,
186–188
,
279
; nature of changes in, in postcolonial policy formation,
100–107
; proposals to codify,
109–110
; regional customs and,
38–39
; relationship of reform proposals in, to classical and colonial Hindu law,
111–115
; religious mobilization and,
12–13
; traditional elites’ views on,
84–85
; women’s rights under,
131–133
.
See also
postcolonial policy formation

Hindu Law
(Mulla),
170

Hindu Law Committees,
107
,
111–112
,
113
,
114
,
120
,
166

Hindu Marriage Act (HMA): adultery as grounds for divorce under,
144
; adultery as grounds for separation under,
110–111
,
119–120
,
143
,
153
; antibigamy clause of,
118
,
133
; bigamy as grounds for divorce under,
120
; conjugal rights under,
167
,
173
; custom defined under,
162
; desertion as grounds for divorce under,
158–159
; Hindu consolidation and,
110–111
; maintenance and divorce rights under,
175
; polygamy and maintenance rights under,
177
; solemnization and dissolution of marriage under,
161
; Special Marriage Act versus,
127