Read Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols Online

Authors: Kate Raphael

Tags: #Arts & Photography, #Architecture, #Buildings, #History, #Middle East, #Egypt, #Politics & Social Sciences, #Social Sciences, #Human Geography, #Building Types & Styles, #World, #Medieval, #Humanities

Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (6 page)

4.51
, view from the southwest

4.52
, prow-shaped tower along the lower curtain wall and site plan. Note the Mamluk galleries (1) and the new Mamluk tower along the Armenian walls (n). Illustration of tower adapted from C. Foss and D. Winefield,
Byzantine Fortifications: An Introduction,
Pretoria, 1986, 30. Plan adapted from Müller-Wiener,
Castles
, 24

4.53
, Mamluk and Armenian arrow slits

4.54 Baghrās, core of the Templar fortress. Plan adapted from Müller-Wiener,
Castles
, 24

4.55 Baghrās, lower and upper defences along the eastern side. Note the round tower in the front. W. H. Bartlett, 1838, in A. W. Lawrence, “The Castle of Baghras” in
The Cilician Kingdom of Armeni
, ed. T. S. R. Boase, Edinburgh and London, 1978, pl. 8

4.56 Baghrās, the Mamluk tower (C). Note the masonry of the tower wall, and the loose construction of the curtain wall (lower right)

Maps

1.1 Ayyubid fortresses in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Adapted from H. Kennedy, ed.,
Historical Atlas of Islam
, 2nd rev. edn, Leiden, 2002, 22–3

1.2
and the route off the Darb
that crosses the Sinai Peninsula

1.3 Frankish fortresses in the vicinity of Mount Tabor

2.1 China and Mongolia.
http://www..paulnoll.com/china/Dynasty/history-maps-dynasty-2.html

2.2 Īlkhānid invasion routes into Syria

3.1 The four main mountain passes in Cilicia. Adapted from A. M. Eddé-Terrasse,
al-Dīn Ibn Šaddād: Description de la Syrie du Nord
, traduction annotée de al-A’lāq
Um’ al-Šām wal-Ğazīra, Damascus, 1984, map 4

3.2 Fortresses in the vicinity of Aleppo taken by Baybars, according to Ibn Shaddād, but never rebuilt. Adapted from Eddé-Terrasse,
Ibn Šaddād
, map 4)

3.3
fortresses in northwest Syria. Adapted from
Chateaux des Assasins
, in P. Deschamps,
Les Chateaux de Croisés en Terre Sainte
, vol. III, pt. 2:
La Défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principat ‘Antioche
, Paris, 1937)

3.4 Mamluk fortresses in relation to the Īlkhānid state

3.5 Fortresses mentioned in the treaties between the Mamluk sultanate and the Armenian kingdom. Adapted from Eddé-Terrasse,
Ibn Šaddād
, map 4

4.1 The middle course of the upper Euphrates. Adapted from Eddé Terrasse,
Ibn Šaddād
, map 4

Tables

1.1 Mount Tabor: construction dates of different sections of the fortress

1.2 Widths of curtain walls in Ayyubid fortresses dating from the late twelfth century to the first decades of the thirteenth century

1.3 Widths of curtain walls in Crusader fortresses dating from the late twelfth century to the first decades of the thirteenth century

1.4 Tower measurements

2.1 Chinese siege machines in the service of the Mongol army

2.2 The
chuang zi nu
(large mounted crossbows)

2.3 The sieges of
and al-Bīr

3.1 Baybars’ conquests according to Ibn Shaddād

3.2 Fortresses conquered by the Mamluks

3.3 The results of Mamluk raids and treaties in Cilicia

4.1 The rank of the building teams according to inscriptions at

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