28. Ibid., 151.
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29. Quoted in Norton,
Founding Mothers and Fathers,
387.
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30. Morgan,
Puritan Dilemma,
153.
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31. Quoted in ibid., 154.
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32. For a more extensive account of Hutchinson’s trials, see Eve LaPlante’s
American Jezebel.
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN:
Old England and New
1. Bradstreet, “An Elegy upon That Honourable and Renowned Knight Sir Philip Sidney,” in
Works,
191, lines
80, 83
.
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2. Ibid., 191, line 84.
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3. Bradstreet, “In Honour of Du Bartas, 1641,” in ibid.,
192-94
, lines
4, 20, 32, 36, 49, 53, 94
.
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4. Bradstreet, “In Honour of That High and Mighty Princess Queen Elizabeth of Happy Memory,” in ibid., 198, lines
100-5
.
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5. Ibid.,
195-98
, lines
124, 46, 48, 51, 78
.
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6. Ibid., lines
45, 113, 128, 127
.
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7. Bradstreet, “The Prologue,” in ibid., 16, lines
27-28
.
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8. Woodbridge, “Epistle to the Reader,” in ibid., 3.
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9. See Ulrich,
Good Wives,
146.
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10. Quoted in Norton,
Founding Mothers and Fathers,
395. Over time the story about Hutchinson’s “monster” mushroomed into far-fetched tales that implicated all of her followers in her heresies. As late as 1667, long after all those involved were dead, one such version was recorded by an Englishman as part of his official report on the state of the colony. “Sir Henry Vane,” he declared, “in 1637 went over as governor to N. England with 2 women, Mrs Dier [a famous supporter of Hutchinson] and Mrs Hutchinson . . . where he debauched both, and both were delivered of monsters.” Norton,
Founding Mothers and Fathers,
394-95
.
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11. Bradstreet, “Autobiography,” in
Works,
244.
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12.
New England’s First Fruits
(London, 1643), quoted in White,
Anne Bradstreet,
156.
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13. Bradstreet, “A Letter to Her Husband,” in
Works,
226, lines
20, 22
.
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14. Bradstreet, “Another II,” in ibid., 229, lines
4, 17, 25-28
.
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15. Ulrich,
Good Wives.
Ulrich develops the term
deputy husband
throughout her book but provides the fullest explanation of the concept in chapter 2.
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16. Norton,
Founding Mothers and Fathers,
139-64
. Norton’s discussion of “fictive widows”—women empowered by their husbands to make legal decisions—suggests that these women were often perceived as a threat to men. See
162-80
. For more on the status of widows, see Ulrich,
Good Wives,
7, 38, 148, 249,
and Norton,
Founding Mothers and Fathers,
10, 139-64
.
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17. Quoted in Morgan,
Puritan Dilemma,
171.
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18. Quoted in Morison,
Builders,
238.
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19. Quoted in Green,
A Short History,
501.
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20. Morgan,
Puritan Dilemma,
177.
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21. Quoted in Green,
A Short History,
530.
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22. Ibid., 531.
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23. John Milton, quoted in White,
Anne Bradstreet,
102.
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24. Bradstreet, “A Dialogue between Old England and New,” in
Works,
182, lines
96-103
.
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25. Ibid., 183, lines
131-37
.
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26. Ibid., 179, lines
138-40, 24
.
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27. Ibid.,
186-88
, lines
236-37, 270-72, 282-84
.
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28. Ibid., 184, lines
245, 246, 171-72, 187
.
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29. Nathaniel Ward, “Introductory Verse,” in Bradstreet,
Works,
4, line 18.
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30. Anne wrote several poems to Dudley in which she expressed her admiration for him and the important role he had played in encouraging her writing. See Bradstreet, “To the Memory of My Dear and Ever Honoured Father” and “To Her Most Honoured Father, Thomas Dudley Esq., These Most Humbly Presented,” in
Works,
201-3, 13
. Ward’s role is suggested by his contribution to the prefatory material of
The Tenth Muse.
Anne never made any reference to Simon as a reader of her work; he does not seem to have played an important role as her intellectual companion, at least according to the records that are left. Certainly Simon himself left no account of what he thought of his wife’s poetry.
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CHAPTER FIFTEEN:
Now Sister, Pray Proceed
1. Ulrich,
Good Wives,
3.
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2. Bradstreet, “An Epitaph on My Dear and Ever-Honoured Mother,” in
Works,
204, lines
6, 8-9, 17-20
.
(back to text)
3. Bradstreet, “Meditation 72,” in ibid.,
289-90
.
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4. She was the widow of one of his neighbors in Roxbury, Samuel Hackburne. See White,
Anne Bradstreet,
219.
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5. Thomas Dudley, quoted in Ulrich,
Good Wives,
10.
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6. Evidence of Anne’s literary partnership with her father can be found in her poem, “”To Her Most Honoured Father.” Referring to
The Quaternions
as her “four times four,” she writes, “I bring my four times four, now meanly clad / To do their homage unto yours, full glad,” in
Works,
13, lines
14-15
.
(back to text)
7. Bradstreet, “Before the Birth of One of Her Children,” in ibid., 224, lines
9-10, 19-26
.
(back to text)
8. Bradstreet, “In Reference to Her Children,” in ibid., 234, lines
83-86, 91-94
.
(back to text)
9. Bradstreet, “To Her Most Honoured Father,” in ibid., 13, line 5.
(back to text)
10. Ibid., 13, line 18.
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11. Bradstreet, “The Four Elements,” in ibid., 18, lines
9-10, 13-17
.
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12. Bradstreet, “To Her Most Honoured Father,” in ibid., 14, lines
37-43
.
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13. Bradstreet, “Fire,” in ibid., 19, lines
50-53
.
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14. Bradstreet, “Water,” lines
276-77
; “Earth,” lines
142-43
; “Air,” lines
402-4
, in ibid.,
25, 27, 29
.
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15. Hutchinson and her family had left Rhode Island, seeking an even greater purity in New York, or “New Netherland.” In September 1643 Hutchinson was scalped, along with fifteen others—the perfect punishment for such a sinner, the Massachusetts magistrates felt—although the renegades in Rhode Island declared that this dreadful “effusion of blood” stemmed directly from the cruelty of the Bay colony court. Norton,
Founding Mothers and Fathers,
396-97
.
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16. White,
Anne Bradstreet,
191. White points out that Bradstreet paraphrases Crooke here. See Crooke’s
Microcosmographia, or a Description of the Body of Man.
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17. Bradstreet, “Phlegm,” in
Works,
49, lines
556-61
.
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18. Bradstreet, “Choler,” in ibid., 39, lines
41-43
.
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19. Bradstreet, “Phlegm,” in ibid., 50, lines
596-97, 600-9
.
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20. Quoted in Morgan,
Puritan Dilemma,
179.
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN:
Foolish, Broken, Blemished Muse
1. Quoted in Bailey,
Historical Sketches of Andover,
27.
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2. Massachusetts Colony Records, vol.
1, 141
, quoted in White,
Anne Bradstreet,
222.
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3. Ibid., 223.
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4. Quoted in Green,
A Short History,
539.
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5. Morison,
Builders,
242.
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6. This account came from a letter written by John’s brother, Stephen. See White,
Anne Bradstreet,
174.
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7. MS transcript of the original records of the First Church in Boston,
1630-87, 24
, collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, quoted in ibid., 174.
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8. Quoted in Ulrich,
Good Wives,
112.
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9. Quoted in White,
Anne Bradstreet,
175.
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10. Ibid.
(back to text)
11. MS transcript of the original records of the First Church in Boston,
1630-87, 25-26
, quoted in White,
Anne Bradstreet,
17.
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12. Bradstreet, “Winter,” in
Works,
72, lines
257-64
.
(back to text)
13. Quoted in White,
Anne Bradstreet,
228.
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14. Milton, “The Verse,” in
Complete Poems,
210.
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15. Bradstreet, “The Four Monarchies,” in
Works,
172, lines
3412-17
.
(back to text)
16. Ibid.
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17. Ibid., 75, lines
72, 88; 160
, lines 2967,
2985; 161
, line 3031.
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18. John Woodbridge, “To My Dear Sister, the Author of These Poems,” in
Works,
4, lines
7, 10; 5,
lines
60, 66
.
(back to text)
19. Bradstreet, “David’s Lamentation for Saul and Jonathan II Sam.
1:19,
” in
Works,
199-200
.
(back to text)
20. Bradstreet, “The Four Monarchies,” in ibid., 177, lines
3550-51
.
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21. Green,
A Short History,
552.
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22. Bradstreet, “The Four Monarchies,” in
Works,
177, lines
3555-56
.
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CHAPTER SEVENTEEN:
The Tenth Muse
1. Bradstreet, “To Her Most Honoured Father,” in
Works,
13.
(back to text)
2. Bradstreet, “The Prologue,” in ibid., 15, lines
3-8
.
(back to text)
3. Ibid., 16, lines
29-30
.
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4. Ibid., lines
39-43
.
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5. We cannot be sure of the identities of all of them, since they signed their letters of approbation only with initials, the literary tradition of the era.
(back to text)
6. Nathaniel Ward cited this criticism of Anne in his “Introductory Verse,” in
Works,
4, line 12.
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7. After 1650 Anne’s poetry changes. Her work becomes more contemplative, more focused on her inner life as a Christian.
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8. Her poem “Contemplations” is based on her meditative walks in the countryside (in ibid.,
204-14
). Also, she writes, “In secret places Thee I find / Where I do kneel or walk,” in “In My Solitary Hours in My Dear Husband’s Absence,” in ibid., 267, lines
13-14
.
(back to text)
9. Eyewitness account, quoted in Kishlansky,
Civilization and the West,
499.
(back to text)
10. Ibid., 501.
(back to text)
11. Andrew Marvell, “An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell’s Return from Ireland,” in
The Complete Poems,
ed. Elizabeth Donno (New York: Penguin, 1979), 55, line 13.
(back to text)
12. Quoted in White,
Anne Bradstreet,
248.
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