Masters of the Planet (42 page)

Gabunia L., Vekua A. 1995. A Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Dmanisi, east Georgia, Caucasus.
Nature
373: 509–512

Gabunia L., Vekua A., Lordkipanidze D. 2000a. The environmental contexts of early human occupations of Georgia (Transcaucasia).
Jour. Hum. Evol.
38: 785–802

Gabunia L., Vekua A., Lordkipanidze D., Swisher C. C., Ferring R., Justus A., Nioradze M., Tvalcrelidze M., Anton S., Bosinski G. C., Jöris O., de Lumley M. A., Majusuradze G., Mouskhelishvili A. 2000b. Earliest Pleistocene hominid cranial remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: Taxonomy, geological setting and age.
Science
288: 1019–1025

Holloway, R. L., D. C. Broadfield, M. S. Yuan. 2004.
The Human Fossil Record, Vol. 3: Hominid Endocasts: The Paleoneurological Evidence.
New York: Wiley-Liss.

Jungers,
W. L., K. Baab. 2009. The geometry of hobbits:
Homo floresiensis
and human evolution.
Significance
6: 159–164.

Klein, R. 2009.
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3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Lepre, C. J., H. Roche, D. V. Kent, S. Harmand, R. L. Quinn, J.-P. Brugal, P.-J. Texier, A. Lenoble, C. S. Feibel. 2011. An earlier age for the Acheulian.
Nature
477: 82–85.

Lordkipanidze, D., A. Vekua, R. Ferring, G. P. Rightmire, J. Agusti, G. Kiladze, A. Mouskhelishvili, M. Ponce de Leon, M. Tappen, C. P. E. Zollikofer. 2005. The earliest toothless hominin skull.
Nature
434: 717–718.

Lordkipanidze, D., T. Jashashvili, A. Vekua, M. Ponce de Leon, C. P. E. Zollikofer, G. P. Rightmire, H. Pontzer, R. Ferring, O. Oms, M. Tappen, M. Bukhsianidze, J. Agusti, R. Kahlke, G. Kiladze, B. Martinez-Navarro, A. Mouskhelishvili, M. Nioradze, L. Rook. 2007. Postcranial evidence from early
Homo
from Dmanisi, Georgia.
Nature
449: 305–310.

Martin, R. D., M. MacLarnon, J. L. Phillips, W. B. Dobyns. 2006. Flores hominid: New species or microcephalic dwarf?
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Messager, E., V. Lebreton, L. Marquez, E. Russo-Ermoli, R. Orain, J. RenaultMiskovsky, D. Lordkipanidze, J. Despriée, C. Peretto, M. Arzarello. Palaeoenvironments of early hominins in temperate and Mediterranean Eurasia: New palaeobotanical data from Palaeolithic key-sites and synchronous natural sequences.
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Potts, R., A. K. Behrensmeyer, A. Deino, P. Ditchfield, J. Clark. 2004. Small mid-Pleistocene hominin associated with Acheulean technology.
Science
305: 75–78.

Spoor, F., M. G. Leakey, P. N. Gathogo, F. H. Brown, S. C. Anton, I. McDougall, C. Kiarie, F. K. Manthi, L. N. Leakey. 2007. Implications of new early
Homo
fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya.
Nature
448: 688– 691.

CHAPTER 8: THE FIRST COSMOPOLITAN HOMINID

The Mauer jaw was dated by Wagner et al. (2010). See Tattersall (2009) for background to the various
Homo heidelbergensis
fossils. The Terra Amata site was described by de Lumley and Boone (1976), and the Schoeningen finds by Thieme (1997). See Johnson and McBrearty (2010) for early blade production in Kenya, Marshack (1996) for a description of the Berekhat Ram “Venus,” and Thompson (2004) for the potentially early ostrich eggshell beads from Loiyalangani.

de Lumley H., Y. Boone. 1976. Les structures d'habitat au Paléolithique inférieur. In H de Lumley (ed.).
La Préhistoire française vol. 1.
Paris, CNRS, 635–643.

de Lumley, M-A., D. Lordkipanidze. 2006. L'homme de Dmanissi (
Homo georgicus
), il y a 1 810 000 ans.
Paléontologie humaine et Préhistoire
5: 273–281.

Howell, F. C., G. H. Cole, M. R. Kleindienst, B. J. Szabo, K. P. Oakley. 1972. Uranium-series dating of bone from Isimila prehistoric site, Tanzania.
Nature
237: 51–52.

Johnson, C. R., S. McBrearty. 2010. 500,000 year old blades from the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya.
Jour. Hum. Evol.
58: 193–200.

Marshack, A. 1996. A Middle Paleolithic symbolic composition from the Golan Heights: The earliest depictive image.
Curr. Anthropol.
37: 357–365.

Tattersall,
I. 2009.
The Fossil Trail: How We Know What We Think We Know about Human Evolution.
2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

Thieme H. 1997. Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany.
Nature
385: 807–810.

Wagner, G. A., M. Krbetschek, D. Degering, J.-J. Bahain, Q. Shao, C. Falguères, P. Voinchet, J.-M. Dolo, T. Garcia, G. P. Rightmire. 2010. Radiometric dating of the type-site for
Homo heidelbergensis
at Mauer, Germany.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA,
doi/10.1073/pnas.1012722107.

CHAPTER 9: ICE AGES AND EARLY EUROPEANS

Van Andel (1994) offers engaging insights into Ice Age–related geology; Vrba (1993, 1996) discusses Plio-Pleistocene environments and faunal turnover pulses from a South African perspective, and Behrensmeyer et al. (1997) present an alternative view based on an East African record. Numerous articles in Delson et al. (2000) deal with Pleistocene geology and faunal change. Important ice core data were presented by EPICA (2004) and discussed by McManus (2004); for a review of sea-floor core data see contributions in Gradstein et al. (2005). The Gran Dolina hominid was described by Carbonell et al. (2008), and
Homo antecessor
by Bermudez de Castro et al. (1997). The evidence for cannibalism at the Gran Dolina was reported by Fernandez-Jalvo et al. (1999), and reviewed by Carbonell et al. (2010). The Sima de los Huesos fossils are most comprehensively described in contributions to Arsuaga et al. (1997), and the latest dating is by Bischoff et al. (2007). See Andrews and Fernandez Jalvo (1997) for a dissenting view on the Sima accumulation. The potential symbolic significance of the Sima handaxe is discussed by Carbonell and Mosquera (2006), and paleoenvironments by Garcia and Arsuaga (2010). For the broader picture of relationships among Middle Pleistocene hominids, see Tattersall and Schwartz (2009).

Andrews, P., Y. Fernadez Jalvo. 1997. Surface modifications of the Sima de los Huesos hominids.
Jour Hum. Evol.
33: 191–217.

Arsuaga, J.-L., J. M. Bermudez de Castro, E. Carbonell (eds). 1997. Special Issue: The Sima de los Huesos hominid site.
Jour. Hum. Evol.
33: 105–421.

Behrensmeyer, A. K., N. E. Todd, R. Potts, G. E. McBrinn. 1997. Late Pliocene faunal turnover in the Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia.
Science
278: 1589–1594.

Bermudez de Castro, J. M. B, J. L. Arsuaga, E. Carbonell, A Rosas, I. Martínez, M. Mosquera. 1997. A hominid from the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca, Spain: Possible ancestor to Neandertals and modern humans.
Science
276: 1392–1395.

Bischoff, J. L., R. W. Williams, R. J. Rosenbauer, A. Aramburu, J. L. Arsuaga, N. García, G. Cuenca-Bescós. 2007. High-resolution U-series dates from the Sima de los Huesos hominids yields 600±66 kyrs: implications for the evolution of the early Neanderthal lineage.
Jour. Archaeol. Sci.
34: 763–770.

Carbonell, E., M. Mosquera. 2006. The emergence of symbolic behaviour: The sepulchral pit of Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain.
C. R. Palevol.
5: 155–160.

Carbonell, E., I. Caceres, M. Lizano, P. Saladie, J. Rosell, C. Lorenzo, J. Vallverdu, R. Huguet, A. Canals, J. M. Bermudez de Castro. 2010. Cultural cannibalism as a paleoeconomic system in the European lower Pleistocene.
Curr. Anth.
51: 539–549.

Carbonell,
E., J. M. Bermudez de Castro, J. M. Pares, A. Perez-Gonzalez, G. Cuenca-Bescos, A. Olle, M. Mosquera, R. Huguet, J. van der Made, A. Rosas, R. Sala, J. Vallverdu, N. Garcia, D. E. Granger, M. Martinon-Torres, X. P. Rodriguez, G. M. Stock, J. M. Verges, E. Allue, F. Burjachs, I. Càceres, A. Canals, A. Benito, C. Diez, M. Lozanao, A. Mateos, M. Navazo, J. Rodriguez, J. Rosell, J. L. Arsuaga. 2008. The first hominin of Europe.
Nature
452: 465–469.

Delson, E., I. Tattersall, J. A. Van Couvering, A. S. Brooks. 2000.
Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory,
2nd ed. New York: Garland Press.

EPICA community. 2004. Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core.
Nature
429: 623–628.

Fernandez-Jalvo, Y., J. Carlos Diez, I. Càceres, J. Rosell. 1999. Human cannibalism in the Early Pleistocene of Europe (Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain).
Jour. Hum. Evol.
37: 591–622.

Garcia, N., J.-L. Arsuaga. 2010. The Sima de los Huesos (Burgos, northern Spain): Palaeoenvironment and habitats of
Homo heidelbergensis
during the Middle Pleistocene.
Quat. Sci. Revs.,
doi:10:1016/jquascirev.2010.11 .08.

Gradstein, F., J. Ogg, A. G. Smith (eds). 2005.
A Geological Time Scale 2004.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McManus, J. F. 2004. A great grand-daddy of ice cores.
Nature
429: 611–612.

Tattersall, I., J. H. Schwartz. 2009. Evolution of the genus
Homo. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.
37: 67–92.

Van Andel, T. H. 1994.
New Views on an Old Planet.
Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.

Vrba, E. S. 1993. The pulse that produced us.
Natural History
102 (5): 47–51.

Vrba, E. S. 1996.
Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

CHAPTER 10: WHO WERE THE NEANDERTHALS?

For an account of the Biache fossil, see Schwartz and Tattersall (2002); for Reilingen, see Dean et al. (1998). For the coexistence of lineages in Europe see Tattersall and Schwartz (2006), for Finnish Mousterian see Schulz (2000), for the Altai Neanderthal genetic signature see Krause et al. (2007), and for Neanderthal avoidance of periglacial environments see Patou-Mathis (2006). The late presumed Neanderthal occurrence in northern Russia was reported by Slimak et al. (2011). Pearson et al. (2006) discuss Neanderthal climatic adaptation, as do various contributions in Van Andel and Davies (2003).

The first report of Neanderthal mtDNA was by Krings et al. (1997), and a recent report and review is by Briggs et al. (2009). The draft Neanderthal genome was reported by Green et al. (2010), and the Denisova genome by Reich et al. (2010). See Cohen (2010) for a short account of modern interspecific hybrids, Johnson et al. (2006) for lion and tiger ancestry, and Jolly (2001) for the hamadryas and gelada hybrid zone and implications. For a variety of views on the Abrigo do Lagar Velho skeleton see Zilhao and Trinkaus (2002), and for an account of the Pe
tera cu Oase skull see Trinkaus et al. (2003).

Consult Smith et al. (2010) for the most recent report and synthesis of Neanderthal dental development, Ponce de Leon and Zollikofer (2001) for Neanderthal cranial development, and Gunz et al. (2010) for Neanderthal vs. modern brain development trajectories. For Neanderthal hair and skin color,
refer
to Lalueza-Fox et al. (2007). The introgression of the
microcephalin
gene variant into
Homo sapiens
from an archaic hominid lineage was suggested by Evans et al. (2006). See Stiner and Kuhn (1992) for a comparison of Neanderthal subsistence at Italian sites. See Richards and Trinkaus (2009) for a summary of nitrogen-isotope studies, Bocherens et al. (2005) for the St.Césaire nitrogen isotope data and interpretations, and Henry et al. (2010) for the Shanidar and Spy plant microfossil analyses. Lalueza-Fox et al. (2010) present mtDNA data from El Sidrón, while Vallverdú et al. report on site formation and population sizes at Abric Romaní. Quote is from Zimmer (2010). The human bone tool from La Quina was described by Verna and D'Errico (2010).

Bocherens, H. D. G. Drucker, D. Billiou, M. Patou-Mathis, B. Vandermeersch. 2005. Isotopic evidence for diet and subsistence pattern of the Saint-Césaire I Neanderthal: review and use of a multi-source mixing model.
Jour. Hum. Evol.
49: 71–87.

Briggs, A. W., J. M. Good, R. E. Green, J. Krause, T. Maricic, U. Stenzel, C. Lalueza-Fox and numerous others. 2009. Targeted retrieval and analysis of five Neanderthal mtDNA genomes.
Science
325: 318–321.

Cohen, J. 2010.
Almost Chimpanzee: Searching for What Makes us Human in Rainforests, Labs, Sanctuaries and Zoos.
New York: Times Books.

Dean, D., J.-J. Hublin, R. Holloway, R. Ziegler. 1998. On the phylogenetic position of the pre-Neandertal specimen from Reilingen, Germany.
Jour. Hum. Evol.
34: 485–508.

Evans, P. D., M. Mekel-Bobrov, E. J. Vallender, R. R. Hudson, B. T. Lahn. 2006. Evidence that the adaptive allele of the brain size gene
microcephalin
introgressed into
Homo sapiens
from an archaic
Homo
lineage.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
103: 18178–18183.

Green, R. E., J. Krause, A. W. Briggs, T. Maricic, U. Stenzel, M. Kirchner, N. Patterson and 49 others. 2010. A draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome.
Science
328: 710–722.