Read Mao's Great Famine Online
Authors: Frank Dikötter
| 1 | MacFarquhar, Origins , vol. 1, p. 312. |
| 2 | Huang Zheng, Liu Shaoqi yisheng (Liu Shaoqi: A life), Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2003, p. 322. |
| 3 | Renmin ribao , 1 Jan. 1958, p. 1; Wu, Yi Mao zhuxi , p. 47. |
| 4 | Renmin ribao , 8 Dec. 1957, p. 1. |
| 5 | Renmin ribao , 25 Jan. 1958, p. 2. |
| 6 | Jin Chongji (ed.), Zhou Enlai zhuan, 1898–1949 (A biography of Zhou Enlai, 1898–1949), Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1989, p. 1234. |
| 7 | Minutes of Nanning meeting, Gansu, 28 Jan. 1958, 91-4-107, p. 1. |
| 8 | Li Rui, Dayuejin qin liji (A witness account of the Great Leap Forward), Haikou: Nanfang chubanshe, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 68–9. |
| 9 | At the time the editorial was published in June 1956, Deng Tuo was the editor of the People’s Daily ; he was replaced by Wu Lengxi in July 1957 and dismissed in November 1958, although he continued to write in support of the Great Leap Forward for several years; Wu, Yi Mao zhuxi , pp. 47–9; on Deng Tuo see Timothy Cheek, Propaganda and Culture in Mao’s China: Deng Tuo and the Intelligentsia , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. |
| 10 | Li, Private Life of Chairman Mao , p. 230. |
| 11 | Bo Yibo, Ruogan zhongda shijian yu juece de huigu (Recollections of several important decisions and events), Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe, 1991–3, p. 639. |
| 12 | Xiong Huayuan and Liao Xinwen, Zhou Enlai zongli shengya (The life of Zhou Enlai), Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1997, p. 241. |
| 13 | Minutes of Nanning meeting, Gansu, 28 Jan. 1958, 91-4-107, pp. 9–10; also in Mao, Jianguo yilai , vol. 7, p. 59. |
| 14 | ‘Rubber communist’, Time , 18 June 1951. |
| 15 | Gao Wenqian, Zhou Enlai: The Last Perfect Revolutionary , New York: PublicAffairs, 2007, p. 88. |
| 16 | Mao’s speech on 15 Nov. 1956, Gansu, 91-18-480, p. 74. |
| 17 | Mao’s speech on 10 March 1958 at Chengdu, Gansu, 91-18-495, p. 211. |
| 18 | Li, Dayuejin , vol. 2, p. 288. |
| 19 | See also Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution , vol. 2: The Great Leap Forward, 1958–1960 , New York: Columbia University Press, 1983, p. 57. |
| 20 | Teiwes, China’s Road to Disaster , p. 246, quoting from a record of Liu’s statement; see also Jin Chongji and Huang Zheng (eds), Liu Shaoqi zhuan (A biography of Liu Shaoqi), Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1998, pp. 828–9. |
| 21 | Memoirs of the secretary Fan Ruoyu as quoted in Jin, Zhou Enlai zhuan , pp. 1259–60. |
| 22 | Nathan, ‘Introduction’, Gao, Zhou Enlai , p. xiii. |
| 23 | Teiwes, China’s Road to Disaster , p. 85. |
| 24 | Tao Lujia, Mao zhuxi jiao women dang shengwei shuji (Chairman Mao taught us how to be a provincial party secretary), Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1996, pp. 77–8. |
| 25 | Mao’s speech on 28 Jan. 1958, Gansu, 91-18-495, p. 200. |
| 26 | Deng’s speech on 15 Jan. 1958, Gansu, 91-4-107, pp. 73 and 94. |
| 27 | Gansu, 9 Feb. 1958, 91-4-104, pp. 1–10. |
| 28 | Gansu, 12 Jan. 1961, 91-4-735, pp. 75–6. |
| 29 | Gansu, 12 Jan. 1961, 91-18-200, p. 35. |
| 30 | Gansu, 3 Dec. 1962, 91-4-1028, p. 8. |
| 31 | Yunnan, 20 April 1958, 2-1-3059, pp. 57–62; see also Renmin ribao , 26 May 1958, p. 4. |
| 32 | Yunnan, 25 Sept. 1958, 2-1-3059, pp. 2–3. |
| 33 | Mao’s speech on 10 March 1958 at Chengdu, Gansu, 91-18-495, p. 211. |
| 34 | On these purges see Frederick C. Teiwes, Politics and Purges in China: Rectification and the Decline of Party Norms , Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993. |
| 35 | Ibid., p. 276; see also Zhang Linnan, ‘Guanyu fan Pan, Yang, Wang shijian’ (The anti-Pan, Yang and Wang incident), in Zhonggong Henan shengwei dangshi gongzuo weiyuanhui (eds), Fengyu chunqiu: Pan Fusheng shiwen jihianji , Zhengzhou: Henan renmin chubanshe, 1993. |
| 36 | Thaxton, Catastrophe and Contention in Rural China , p. 116. |
| 37 | Jiang Weiqing, Qishi nian zhengcheng: Weiqing huiyilu (A seventy-year journey: The memoirs of Jiang Weiqing), Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe, 1996, pp. 415–16. |
| 38 | Yunnan, 22 May 1959, 2-1-3700, pp. 93–8. |
| 39 | Chen’s speech on 19 Dec. 1957 in Beijing, Gansu, 91-8-79, p. 179. |
Chapter 4: Bugle Call
| 1 | Judith Shapiro, Mao’s War against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China , New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 49. |
| 2 | The story is told by Shang Wei, ‘A Lamentation for the Yellow River: The Three Gate Gorge Dam (Sanmenxia)’, in Dai Qing (ed.), The River Dragon has Come! The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China’s Yangtze River and its People , Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998, pp. 143–59. |
| 3 | Shapiro, Mao’s War against Nature , pp. 53–4. |
| 4 | Zhou’s speech on 19 Sept. 1961, Gansu, 91-18-561, p. 31. |
| 5 | Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Beijing, 23 July 1964, 117-1170-5, pp. 45–7. |
| 6 | Renmin ribao , 1 Feb. 1958, p. 11; Shui Fu, ‘A Profile of Dams in China’, in Dai, The River Dragon has come! , p. 22. |
| 7 | Yi Si, ‘The World’s Most Catastrophic Dam Failures: The August 1975 Collapse of the Banqiao and Shimantan Dams’, in Dai, The River Dragon has Come! , p. 30. |
| 8 | Gansu, 29 Jan. 1958, 91-4-138, pp. 135–7. |
| 9 | Gansu, 20 Oct. 1958, 91-4-263, pp. 29–30. |
| 10 | Gansu, 9 Sept. 1958, 229-1-118. |
| 11 | Gansu, 26 April 1959, 91-4-348, pp. 30–5. |
| 12 | ‘ “Yin Tao shangshan” de huiyi’ (Recollections of the ‘Raising the Tao River up the Mountains’ campaign), in Qiu Shi (ed.), Gongheguo zhongda juece chutai qianhou (How important decisions of the People’s Republic were made), Beijing: Jingji ribao chubanshe, 1997–8, vol. 3, p. 226. |
| 13 | Gansu, 18 April 1962, 91-4-1091, pp. 1–8. |
| 14 | Shui, ‘A Profile of Dams in China’, p. 22. |
| 15 | Beijing, 1959, 96-1-14, pp. 38–44. |
| 16 | Jan Rowinski, ‘China and the Crisis of Marxism-Leninism’, in Marie-Luise Näth (ed.), Communist China in Retrospect: East European Sinologists Remember the First Fifteen Years of the PRC , Frankfurt: P. Lang, 1995, pp. 85–7. |
| 17 | M. A. Klochko, Soviet Scientist in China , London: Hollis & Carter, 1964, pp. 51–2. |
| 18 | Rowinski, ‘China and the Crisis of Marxism-Leninism’, pp. 85–7; Klochko, Soviet Scientist , pp. 51–2. |
| 19 | Li, Private Life of Chairman Mao , pp. 247–8. |
| 20 | Ibid., pp. 249–51. |
| 21 | Yunnan, 9 Jan. 1958, 2-1-3227, p. 5. |
| 22 | Renmin ribao , 15 Jan. 1958, p. 1. |
| 23 | Yunnan, 5 Oct. 1958, 2-1-3227, pp. 109–23. |
| 24 | Renmin ribao , 19 Jan. 1958, p. 1. |
| 25 | Renmin ribao , 18 Feb. 1958, p. 2. |
| 26 | Yunnan, 21 April 1958, 2-1-3260, p. 117. |
| 27 | Li, Dayuejin , vol. 2, p. 363. |
| 28 | Yunnan, 23 June 1958, 2-1-3274, pp. 37–9. |
| 29 | Yunnan, 20 Nov. 1958, 2-1-3078, pp. 116–23; 22 Aug. 1958, 2-1-3078, pp. 1–16. |
| 30 | Jiang, Qishi nian zhengcheng , p. 421. |
| 31 | Gansu, 14 Feb. 1961, 91-18-205, p. 58. |
Chapter 5: Launching Sputniks
| 1 | Li, Private Life of Chairman Mao , pp. 226–7. |
| 2 | Hunan, July 1958, 186-1-190, pp. 1–2; also July 1958, 141-2-62, pp. 1–2. |
| 3 | William W. Whitson, The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927–71 , New York: Praeger, 1973, p. 204, quoted in MacFarquhar, Origins , vol. 2, p. 83. |