Les Standiford (17 page)

In the United States, wild turkeys were always abundant, and the creatures found their way, along with geese, to early American holiday tables. Today, however, geese are generally left alone, while some 270 million turkeys annually are raised and carried to market, about one-quarter of them during the month between Thanksgiving and Christmas. Perhaps in the tradition of a reborn Scrooge, the bounty of an American host is often expressed in terms of the height of his Christmas tree and by the size of the bird trundled home from the local market.

Many of the decorative elements and amusements mentioned in
A Christmas Carol
at the Fezziwig party and elsewhere were not so much Dickens's inventions as traditional elements given a fresh gloss by their appearance in such splendid literary surroundings: blazing fireplaces, mince pies and wassail bowls, carol-singing, plum puddings, holly sprigs, mistletoe, fiddling and dancing, blind-man bluffings, and the parlor game of forfeits had been seen in holiday festivities previously, but the effect of Dickens's tale was to make the incorporation of such elements seem obligatory for anyone's proper Christmas.

Incidentally, it is interesting to mention—for those who are tempted to lay blame for the contemporary orgy of gift-giving at Dickens's doorstep—something that is
not
in the book: for all its emphasis on the concept of charity, no gifts or gaily wrapped presents appear in
A Christmas Carol.
Aside from that magnanimous gesture of Scrooge's to Bob Cratchit at the story's close, the most valuable gifts exchanged between its characters are those of love and goodwill.

There are other customs associated with Dickens and the Victorian Christmas. The first commercially printed Christmas card, for instance, appeared in that same holiday season in which
A Christmas Carol
was published, the work of Sir Henry Cole and John C. Horsely. It was not unusual for the aristocracy of the period to include season's greetings in personal correspondence or on calling cards. Queen Victoria sent a letter to Lord Melbourne in 1841, its paper “adorned with many quaint and humorous Christmas devices,” and, gentleman that he was, Melbourne wrote back at once to offer, “most sincerely and most fervently, the good wishes of the Season.”

But as to the Christmas card itself, the story is generally told that in 1843, Cole, a noted civil servant and industrial designer credited with the design of the first postage stamp, found himself strapped for time as the holidays approached. To speed the task of sending out all those personal greetings, then, he employed his friend, the artist J. C. Horsley, to produce 1,000 lithographed images on cardboard stock.

The card depicts a family of distinctly Fezziwiggian mien, raising a toast above a banner wishing “A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year” to the card's recipients. And while the image of adults and children alike tossing back goblets of wine drew some criticism from the nation's temperance leaders, Horsley also added side panels that depicted the charitable acts of feeding and clothing the unfortunate—in all a most
Carol-
like diorama.

Sir Henry's idea caught on quickly in England, though it would take more than thirty years for the practice to find its way to the United States. In 1875 a Boston printer, Louis Prang, a native of Germany, began publishing such cards, earning for himself the sobriquet of “father of the American Christmas card.” Prang found the going difficult, though—his elaborate creations proved too pricey for the American market, and by the early 1890s he was bankrupt, forced out of business by competitors hawking their wares for a penny apiece. From that point, the industry caught fire, and today it is estimated that more than one billion Christmas cards are sold each year in Britain and the United States.

It is likewise difficult to imagine a true Victorian Christmas without a Christmas tree, though no such object appears in either the text or the illustrations of
A Christmas Carol.
Certainly Dickens was fond of the icon, however. In 1850 he would write a sketch celebrating his childhood memories of such trees, a piece that became one of his most popular. Prince Albert may have increased the English affection for the German custom (where mythology equated the fir tree with the tree of life from the Gospels, and transformed it into a symbol for the birth of Christ) when he married Queen Victoria, but, as Dickens's sketch makes clear, the practice of putting up a Christmas tree was established well before that 1840 royal wedding. Court historians describe the work of Charlotte, wife of George III, in decorating and lighting evergreen trees as part of Christmas festivities during the 1780s and 1790s. And Victoria herself wrote of fond childhood memories of a season in 1833, including “trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments.”

Like Dickens, both Victoria and Albert were great boosters of the season, and their practice of erecting a tree at Windsor Castle each year following their 1840 marriage greatly popularized the practice. In 1848 the
Illustrated London News
printed an engraving of the royal family gathered around a decorated tree beneath which lay a number of presents. The tree itself was described in breathless terms by the rival
Times:
“On each branch are arranged a dozen wax tapers. Pendant from the branches are elegant trays, baskets, and bonbonniers, and other placements for sweetmeats of the most varied kind, and all forms, colours, and degree of beauty.” By the following year, the
News
and other publications were running features and seasonal supplements advising readers on such topics as tree decoration, gift-wrapping, Christmas party planning, and the proper placement of mistletoe, holly, and ivy.

Copies of the
News
engraving, retouched somewhat to remove the queen's offending tiara, were reprinted in U.S. publications, including
Godey's Lady Book
in 1850, but the practice of putting up a tree was not unknown in the New World. Though some say German troops brought the Christmas tree to the United States (Washington supposedly was able to cross the Delaware in 1776 because the Hessians were preoccupied with their Christmas celebrations), it is an undocumented claim. The first recorded appearance of the Christmas tree was made by a visitor to the Pennsylvania Dutch country near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in the early 1800s, and the practice picked up following the 1838 publication of a travel pamphlet describing the quaint custom being practiced on the Pennsylvania frontier.

The first commercially available Christmas trees appeared in Philadelphia markets in 1848, and by the mid-nineteenth century, as Dickens's rhapsodic essay on the subject made its way across the Atlantic, trees were being cut by the mountain-side in the Catskills and trucked to busy lots in Manhattan. In 1856 the first Christmas tree went up at the White House, though it would not be until 1923 that the practice of the annual lighting of the National Christmas Tree began. Today there is a National Christmas Tree Association in the United States, an organization that claims some 21,000 registered tree growers, who provide the majority of the 35 million or so sold each year.

Mention might be made of one final major Christmas icon, a figure that is generally attributed to the work of American author and Columbia University professor Clement Clark Moore. In 1822 Moore published his legendary poem “A Visit from St. Nicholas,” also known as “The Night Before Christmas,” which featured a character from Dutch legend whom Washington Irving had discussed at some length in his Knickerbocker sketches. Moore, however, transformed St. Nicholas from a somewhat foreboding figure of judgment who might show up at almost any time of year to deliver gifts to good boys and girls and a spirited caning to their less obedient counterparts, into a jolly old elf whose appearance was scheduled each year for the night before Christmas, in houses where none stirred, “not even a mouse.” Over time,
Sinter-klaas,
the Dutch contraction for Sint (Saint) Nicholas, became Anglicized as Santa Claus.

Over time, “Santa” morphed from the gaunt-looking dwarf Moore had found in his sources into the jovial, red-robed rotund elf popularized by
Harper's Magazine
illustrator Thomas Nast in the 1860s, and finally into the familiar bearded and overweight department-store Santa that we know today. This latter image is attributable to an illustration done by Haddon H. Sundbloom in 1931 for the Coca-Cola Company's seasonal promotion. While modern Santas were often shown holding a pipe, an affectation that dates back to Irving's day, this accoutrement generally dropped away following the release of the U.S. Surgeon General's report of 1964 connecting smoking and lung cancer.

Certainly, Dickens was quite familiar with the work of his American friend Irving (as
Parley
hack Hewitt argued), and Moore's poem had also made its way to England by 1843. And while the heartiest of the three Christmas spirits portrayed in
A Christmas Carol
is of a somewhat different provenance than his American counterpart, there are some interesting parallels. The Ghost of Christmas Present appears before Scrooge seated atop a mound of plenty, by a roaring fire in a room bedecked with fir boughs, holly, mistletoe, red berries, and ivy,

clothed in one simple green robe, or mantle, bordered with white fur. This garment hung so loosely on the figure, that its capacious breast was bare, as if disdaining to be warded or concealed by any artifice. Its feet, observable beneath the ample folds of the garment, were also bare: and on its head it wore no other covering than a holly wreath, set here and there with shining icicles. Its dark brown curls were long and free: free as its genial face, its sparkling eye, its open hand, its cheery voice, its unconstrained demeanor, and its joyful air.

This is, of course, no elf, but a robust and vital representation of Father Christmas, the spirit of the season, a secular figure often portrayed by Dickens's forebears as elderly, frail, and feeble, his spirit eroded by the indifference of a forgetful public and the antipathy of zealous Puritans. It is interesting to note how, in their respective Christmas tales, both Moore and Dickens transformed a traditional character with complex moral baggage (being equally quick with the cane and the candy) into their figures of unmistakable power and beneficence. Britons, in fact, were as eager to fold Santa Claus into their own mythos of the season as Americans were to welcome Scrooge and Cratchit and Tiny Tim into theirs. Father Christmas and Santa Claus have become virtually synonymous in contemporary England, and it is difficult to watch a modern dramatic presentation of
A Christmas Carol
on either side of the Atlantic without thinking of jolly Santa when Scrooge encounters his second Christmas ghost.

No individual can claim credit for the creation of Christmas, of course—except, perhaps, the figure that the day is named for. But Charles Dickens, given his immense and lasting influence and his association with all things Victorian, played a major role in transforming a celebration dating back to pre-Christian times, revitalizing forgotten customs and introducing new ones that now define the holiday. Peter Ackroyd and other modern commentators have credited Dickens with having singlehandedly created the modern idea of Christmas, and if that is a grand claim, it is grounded in the facts. If Dickens did not invent Christmas, he certainly reinvented it.

Considered against the backdrop of an era when the British Empire expanded to its zenith and when advancement in science and industry suggested that Western man was truly the master of his own fate, the themes of
A Christmas Carol,
the real reasons for its vast appeal and influence, seem evident: with the support of a tight-knit family, with education and charity and the expenditure of goodwill from one to all—with time out for celebration not neglected—such problems as Ignorance and Want could be banished from the world.

Such notions could not only be applauded in an era that Dickens saw opening before him, but they could also be believed. And it is testament to the power of his vision that even to this day, when audiences experience his little
Carol
—his “sledge-hammer”—they dare to share in his dream.

16.

T
he Dickens scholar Paul Davis points out that
A Christmas Carol
inverts the traditional folktale process. Instead of beginning as an oral story that is finally written down and formalized, Dickens's story has worked the other way. His story entered the world as a fully formed “perfect” work, says Davis, and in the century and a half since its arrival, its original self has exploded like a sun into a supernova. Its hundreds and thousands of adaptations and productions—all those retellings and “re-originations”—have transformed a work of literature into part of the DNA of Western culture. “Disguised as Lionel Barrymore or Mister Magoo,” Davis says, “Scrooge has become common cultural property and is as deeply embedded in our consciousness as George Washington or Dick Whittington, Merlin or Moses.”

It is probably the secret dream of many writers to produce a work with such enduring power, and it is one of the several conundrums of the writing life that one can never live to see how it all turns out. Dickens knew that he had produced something very good when he wrote
A Christmas Carol,
but he had no way of knowing it would become his most-loved book. In early November of 1844, he wrote to Mitton from Genoa certain that he could surpass what he had achieved with
A Christmas Carol.

He was already hard at work on a new holiday book for Bradbury and Evans, he explained. “The cause of my not having written to you, is too obvious to need any explanation. I have worn myself to Death, in the Month I have been at Work.” He told his solicitor that he had not been able “to divest myself of the story—have suffered very much in my sleep, in consequence—and am so shaken by such work in this trying climate that I am nervous as a man who is dying of Drink: and as haggard as a Murderer.”

To Forster he wrote of waking up for a cold bath at seven, and after a bit of breakfast, would “blaze away, wrathful and red-hot, until three o'clock or so.” He was “fierce to finish,” Dickens told his friend, “and to shame the cruel and the canting,” referring to readers who would profit by its lessons. When he finally finished, a few weeks later, he wrote joyously to Mitton: “I believe I have written a tremendous Book; and knocked the
Carol
out of the field. It will make a great uproar, I have no doubt.”

Though the contemporary reader probably will not recognize
The Chimes
as having achieved that goal, the follow-up volume to
A Christmas Carol
was not exactly a disappointment in Dickens's own time. The book appeared on December 16, 1844, and—because they were distributing the books for Bradbury and Evans—the title page listed Chapman and Hall as publishers. The book carried the subtitle
A Goblin Story of Some Bells that Rang an Old Year Out and a New Year In,
and included illustrations by Leech as well as by Richard Doyle, scenarist Clarkson Stanfield, and Dickens's close friend Daniel Maclise (whose 1839 oil of Dickens hangs today at the National Portrait Gallery).

The book tells the story of a porter named Toby (“Trotty”) Veck, who has come more and more to feel that his laborer's life is inconsequential and meaningless—even the arrival of his daughter Meg on New Year's Eve, announcing that she and her longtime fiancé Richard will be married on the next day, fails to rouse Trotty from his gloom. Later that night he wanders to the steps of the nearby church, and is drawn up the steps of the bell tower by an uncanny premonition. In the tower, he encounters the goblins who are the embodied spirits of the bells, creatures who promptly tell him that he has actually fallen from the tower to his death.

The spirits then carry him through a series of ever more dour visions of the future, culminating in a scene in which his daughter Meg, despairing over the ruin of her marriage to a now-alcoholic Richard, is about to drown herself and her child. Trotty had been certain that the poor and unfortunate were doomed by their own natures to their sad fates, but now realizes that what has happened to Meg and Richard is the result of the avarice and oppression of others, and not any inborn mark of weakness. All men and women have the capacity to succeed. As a distraught Trotty confesses to the goblins the error of his thinking and proclaims the innate virtue of all mankind, the vision ends. When he wakes, Trotty finds himself in his bed on New Year's morning, and, as a result of his encounter with the goblins, resolves to make merry at the wedding of his daughter later that day.

Dickens, who had written Forster from Genoa on October 6 to complain that he could not get himself going on the new Christmas book, owing in part to the infernal, never-ending clanging of church bells in the city, wrote only two days later to announce that he had found his title and the “machinery” of his novel at last. “I am in regular, ferocious excitement with the
Chimes,
” he told Forster, and proclaimed that he saw “in this little book, a great blow for the poor…and if my design be anything at all, it has a grip upon the very throat of time.”

He finished the book on November 3, and following his last dot, as he told Forster, had “a real good cry!” He traveled to London in early December to oversee the correction of page proofs and to read the story to groups of friends, including the actor and producer William Charles Macready who—according to the author, at least—burst into tears during Dickens's performance.

There was a stage play mounted at the Adelphi Theatre concurrent with the book's publication on December 16, and most of the first edition of 20,000 copies flew immediately off the shelves. Though it was handsomely packaged, with a gold-stamped red cover, Dickens and his new publishers took a lesson from the
Carol
and omitted the hand coloring and colored type. As a result, Dickens earned even a bit more than the quick £1,000 he had hoped for on
A Christmas Carol:
£1,065 8s. 2d., to be exact. But there were signs from the beginning that
The Chimes
would not long keep its grip on time's throat. The critical response was decidedly mixed, and the general audience—though drawn to buy the book on the strength of his first holiday tale—found the story far grimmer and more downbeat than its holiday predecessor. An urchin on crutches was one thing, but a mother about to drown herself and her
baby
?

There were other miscalculations as well: the nondescript goblins of
The Chimes
are far less singular and evocative than the memorably distinct quartet of ghosts who haunt Scrooge's chambers; and Trotty himself is not nearly as swept up by his amazing adventures as was his predecessor. His inclination is to stand at some remove from what is going on around him, and it sometimes seems as if it is the author himself instructing readers on just what to make of it all.

Perhaps most significant, however, was the decision to leave Christmas out of the proceedings. Dickens understandably wanted to achieve the same emotional effect in his audiences without appearing to produce an outright copy of his first holiday tale, but proud as he was to have found the “machinery” of
The Chimes,
he did not take into account the effect of cutting himself off from some two thousand years of mythic power and buried emotion by leaving Christmas behind. In contrast to Christmas, even a Christmas dimmed by the fervor of the Puritans and the need of factory owners to keep their furnaces blazing, the New Year's holiday was a pale afterthought.

Though he remained wedded to the concept of producing an annual Christmas book, the fall of 1845 found Dickens moved back to London, and, along with Bradbury and Evans, mired in preparations for the launch of a new morning newspaper, the
Daily News.
Dickens, lured by the thought of heading up a major liberal-voiced competitor to the
Times,
the
Morning Chronicle,
and the
Morning Post,
and by the prospect of the unlimited backing promised by a group of railway executives who partnered with Bradbury and Evans on the venture, accepted the editorship of the paper, and promised regular contributions to it.

Still, Dickens found time to write a third Christmas book, though this one,
The Cricket on the Hearth,
has nothing overtly to do with the season at all. It is the story of how a young laborer overcomes his irrational suspicions of his lovely young wife, whom he one day spots talking to a mysterious stranger. The eponymous cricket is the agency by which our good man learns the error of his ways, but that bit of surrealism is about all that links the book to its illustrious Christmas predecessor. Still, it reflected what Dickens called “Carol philosophy” in its “jolly good temper” and “vein of glowing hearty, generous, mirthful beaming reference in everything to Home and Fireside.”

As with
The Chimes,
the fact that any reference to Christmas was lacking altogether in the story did not prevent its commercial success. A staged version of
Cricket
opened at the Lyceum Theatre on December 20, 1845, simultaneously with the book's publication, and ran for sixty performances. By January, seventeen productions of the story had been mounted in London, and sales of the book's two editions had earned its author £1,022. For the remainder of Dickens's life—and of the nineteenth century, for that matter—the story was adapted far more regularly than was
A Christmas Carol,
and in fact Dickens himself devised a version that he read in public on a number of occasions in the 1850s.

In 1846, while living in Switzerland and finally back to work on an extended fiction in the form of
Dombey and Son,
Dickens forced himself into the writing of a fourth holiday book,
The Battle of Life,
lamenting to Forster that his soul sank at times when he stepped back to consider what was going on in this tale. Once again, Christmas made no appearance in the story—that of a young woman who sacrifices her true love to her sister and cures their father of his cynical attitude in the process. Dickens complained of the strictures of the shortened form, the absence of any supernatural “machinery,” and the guilt of spending time away from
Dombey.
He warned his friend as early as September that there might not in fact be a Christmas book in 1846, and when he finished, he admitted to Forster, “I really do not know what this story is worth.”

Some of the critics were happy to opine on the matter: “Exaggerated, absurd, impossible sentimentality,” is what the
Morning Chronicle
had to say of his efforts in
The Battle of Life,
and the fact that most of the other reviews were equally hostile puts to rest any notion that the
Chronicle
's editors might have been influenced by Dickens's fling at competition with them. (Overwhelmed by the demands of editing a daily paper, Dickens had resigned his post less than three weeks after the
Daily News
began publication.) Still,
The Battle of Life
sold 23,000 copies on the day of its publication, and though there were but few dramatizations, Dickens did receive £100 for a production staged at the Lyceum by his actor friend Robert Keely (who had also produced versions of
The Chimes
and
The Cricket on the Hearth
).

His preoccupation with
Dombey and Son,
which was selling at as many as 35,000 copies per installment (issues of Thackeray's
Vanity Fair
were selling about 5,000 copies at the same time), kept Dickens from writing a Christmas book in 1847. But, “loath to lose the money,” as he put it to Forster, he began work on his fifth and final Christmas book in October of 1848. After a month spent primarily, as he described it, “frowning horribly at a quire of paper,” he wrote Miss Burdett Coutts that the logjam had finally broken. “I have hit upon a little notion…with a good Christmas tendency,” he told his old friend, and finished
The Haunted Man
on November 30, in Brighton, and after “crying my eyes out over it.”

The story is that of Redlaw, a depressive academic who has sunk into despair over the contemplation of his many past losses and betrayals, including memories of a miserable childhood. On Christmas Eve, Redlaw receives a visit from a spirit, who not only grants him relief from all his painful memories but also endows Redlaw with the power to do the same for others in turn. The gift proves to be a curse, however, for Redlaw comes to understand that without the memory of painful experiences, human beings have no way to judge what pleasure is by contrast.

When he begs for release, the spirit is indifferent and decrees that he will first have to meet with Milly, wife of the college's lodging house master. Milly, the kindest person Redlaw knows, proves more than capable of resisting his evil powers, and the encounter transforms Redlaw back into a fully balanced human, capable of gratitude and compassion.

While some modern commentators have praised the psychological accuracy and artistry (and the absence of melodramatic contrivance that marked the middle Christmas books), the darkness and complexity of the tale—with its focus on the inner world and not the outer—was hardly the stuff to set the likes of Mr. Fezziwig and Pickwick and their families into a holiday jig. Dickens wrote bravely to a friend that
The Haunted Man
had sold 18,000 copies upon its December 19 debut, but that number was down nearly a quarter from the sales of
The Battle of Life.
In fact, there were still unsold copies of
The Haunted Man
warehoused at the time of Dickens's death, more than twenty years later.

Dickens never commented on why he never wrote another Christmas book, but there is evidence for speculation. Since he had taken the year off to stay focused on
Dombey
in 1847, and spoke of the “grind” of trying to get moving on
The Haunted Man
in 1848, it is possible that he had simply exhausted himself on the subject and realized that it was more practical to stay focused on the longer works. The sales of the first four installments of
Dombey
were enough to bring him finally out of debt, and, as Forster says, “all embarrassments connected with money” were put to rest.