Known and Unknown (95 page)

2.
Charles Duelfer, “Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD” (Duelfer Report), vol. III, September 30, 2004, pp. 2, 13, 38 (Biological section), pp. 90–91 (Chemical section).

3.
United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1194 (S/RES/1194), 3924th Meeting, September 9, 1998.

4.
Rumsfeld et al., letter to Clinton, January 26, 1998.

5.
Rumsfeld et al., letter to Clinton, January 26, 1998.

6.
Madeleine K. Albright, press remarks following meeting with european Union, New York City, September 14, 2000.

7.
Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, testimony of Charles Duelfer, Special Adviser to the Director of Central Intelligence for Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction, October 6, 2004; Charles Duelfer, “Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD” (Duelfer Report), vol. I, September 30, 2004, p. 1 (Regime Strategic Intent section).

8.
Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-For-Food Programme,
Manipulation of the Oil-For-Food Programme by the Iraqi Regime,
October 27, 2005.

9.
Doug Wead, “Bush Completes Father's Unfinished Business,”
USA Today,
June 15, 2003; “Is Bush Continuing His Dad's Iraq Policy?” ABC News, February 16, 2001.

10.
Hearing of the House Armed Services Committee, “United States Policy Toward Iraq,” testimony of General Richard Myers, September 18, 2002.

11.
Jones to Hugh Shelton, “U.S. Military Responses in Iraq,” August 31, 2001; Rumsfeld to Jones, “Iraq,” September 10, 2001.

12.
Rumsfeld to Rice et al., “Iraq,” July 27, 2001.

13.
Saddam Hussein, conversation with SSA George L. Piro, Baghdad Operations Center, June 11, 2004 (Federal Bureau of Investigation).

14.
George W. Bush, State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.

15.
Tenet, letter to Senator Bob Graham, October 7, 2002; Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Pace,” September 26, 2002.

16.
James Woolsey, interviewed by Peter Jennings, “America Under Attack,” ABC News Special Report, September 11, 2001.

17.
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq
(S. Rep. 108-301), 108th Cong., 2d sess., July 9, 2004, pp. 318–21; Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, “CHAPTER 6: Terrorist Organizations,”
Country Reports on Terrorism 2008,
April 30, 2009.

18.
Department of State,
Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003,
April 2004, p. 114.

19.
Kevin M. Woods with James Lacey,
Iraqi Perspectives Project: Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents,
vol. I (redacted), Institute for Defense Analyses, November 2007, p. 18.

20.
Kevin M. Woods James with James Lacey,
Iraqi Perspectives Project: Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents,
vol. I (redacted), Institute for Defense Analyses, November 2007, p. 18; Kevin M. Woods with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray, and James G. Lacey,
Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam's Senior Leadership
(Joint Center for Operational Analysis, U.S. Joint Forces Command, March 2006), p. 54.

21.
OSD Policy, “Sovereignty and Anticipatory Self-Defense,” August 24, 2002.

22.
OSD Policy, “Sovereignty and Anticipatory Self-Defense,” August 24, 2002.

23.
Rumsfeld, “Saddam Hussein,” September 21, 2001.

CHAPTER 31
The Case for Regime Change

1.
General Richard B. Myers, USAF (Ret.), with Malcolm McConnell,
Eyes on the Horizon: Serving on the Front Lines of National Security
(New York: Th reshold Editions, 2009), p. 215.

2.
Lieutenant General William G. Pagonis with Jeffrey L. Cruikshank,
Moving Mountains: Lessons in Leadership and Logistics from the Gulf War
(Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992), pp. 157–58; George C. Wilson, “The Logistics Behind a War on Iraq,”
National Journal,
vol. 34, issue 47/48, November 23, 2002.

3.
Rumsfeld, “Assumptions,” October 18, 2002.

4.
“Iraq Tested Missile to Carry A-Bomb, a U.N. Report Says,”
New York Times,
October 5, 1991.

5.
Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, intelligence side letter to Tenet, March 18, 1999, p. 3.

6.
Rumsfeld, handwritten note, August 28, 2002.

7.
Rumsfeld, handwritten note, August 28, 2002.

8.
Central Intelligence Agency, “Key Judgments,”
National Intelligence Estimate: Iraq's Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction,
October 2002.

9.
James Graffand Bruce Crumley, “France Is Not a Pacifist Country,”
Time,
February 16, 2003.

10.
Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Great Terror,”
The New Yorker,
March 25, 2002.

11.
Rumsfeld, “WMD,” March 15, 2004.

12.
Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks on ABC ‘This Week with George Stephanopoulos,'” March 30, 2003.

13.
Rumsfeld to Clarke, “Arguments,” February 18, 2003.

14.
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (Public Law 107–243), October 16, 2002.

15.
Joseph Biden, interviewed by Tim Russert,
Meet the Press,
NBC News, August 4, 2002.

16.
Hillary Rodham Clinton, statement, “Authorization of the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq,” 107th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 148, no. 133, October 10, 2002, p. S10288.

17.
John Kerry, statement, “Authorization of the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq—Continued,” 107th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 148, no. 132, October 9, 2002, p. S10174.

18.
Al Gore, “Iraq and the War on Terrorism,” The Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, California, September 23, 2002.

19.
General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell,
American Soldier
(New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 394.

20.
“Powell Says He Made Prewar Push for More Troops,”
New York Times,
April 30, 2006.

21.
Rumsfeld, “Conversation with the President and Condi,” May 15, 2006.

22.
“Offers of support for Phase I-III (48 countries),” May 13, 2003.

23.
Lindsey Graham, interviewed by Bob Schieffer,
Face the Nation,
CBS News, August 9, 2009; David Brooks, “Making the Surge Work,”
New York Times,
January 7, 2007.

24.
Eliot A Cohen,
Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime
(New York: Free Press, 2002), pp. 185–88.

25.
Rumsfeld, “Illustrative List of Recent Examples of French Opposition to the United States,” October 23, 2002.

26.
Rumsfeld to Shultz, State Department cable, “Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein,” December 21, 1983.

27.
John Keegan,
The Iraq War
(New York: Vintage, 2005), p. 108.

28.
Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-For-Food Programme,
The Management of the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme,
vol. 1, September 7, 2005, p. 2.

29.
United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1441 (S/Res/1441), 4644th Meeting, November 8, 2002.

30.
Barbara Slavin and Bill Nichols, “U.S. Says Omissions Put Iraq in ‘Material Breach,'”
USA Today,
December 20, 2002.

31.
Hans Blix, statement to the United Nations Security Council, January 27, 2003.

CHAPTER 32
A Failure of Diplomacy

1.
Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Briefs at the Foreign Press Center,” January 22, 2003.

2.
“‘Old Europe' Hits Back at Rumsfeld,” CNN, January 24, 2003.

3.
Rumsfeld, “Europe,” February 18, 2003.

4.
Statement of the Vilnius Group Countries, February 5, 2003.

5.
John Kerry, speech, The Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, California, March 13, 2003; Dan Balz, “Kerry Assails Bush Over States' Plight,”
Washington Post,
March 14, 2003.

6.
Steven R. Weisman with Julia Preston, “Powell Will Press U.S. Case in Security Council Next Week,”
New York Times,
January 29, 2003.

7.
Michiko Kakutani, “Under a Microscope, Bush and His Presidency,”
New York Times,
December 7, 2007; Bruce B. Auster, Mark Mazzetti, and Edward T. Pound, “Truth and Consequences: New Questions About U.S. Intelligence Regarding Iraq's Weapons of Mass Terror,”
U.S. News & World Report,
June 1, 2003; Suzanne Goldenberg and Richard Norton-Taylor, “Powell's Doubts Over CIA Intelligence on Iraq Prompted Him to Set Up Secret Review,”
The Guardian;
Karen DeYoung,
Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell
(New York: Knopf, 2006).

8.
Micah Zenko, “Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration's Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam,”
Journal of Strategic Studies,
vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 640.

9.
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq
(S. Rep. 108-301), 108th Cong., 2d sess., July 9, 2004, p. 336; Micah Zenko, “Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration's Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam,”
Journal of Strategic Studies,
vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 632.

10.
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq
(S. Rep. 108–301), 108th Cong., 2d sess., July 9, 2004, p. 337.

11.
Micah Zenko, “Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration's Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam,”
Journal of Strategic Studies,
vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 629.

12.
Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, February 3, 2003.

13.
Colin Powell, remarks, United Nations Security Council, New York City, February 5, 2003.

14.
Colin Powell, remarks, United Nations Security Council, New York City, February 5, 2003.

15.
Colin Powell, remarks, United Nations Security Council, New York City, February 5, 2003.

16.
Gregroy Fontenot, E. J. Degen, and David Tohn,
On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 250.

17.
Micah Zenko, “Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration's Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam,”
Journal of Strategic Studies
, vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 640; Linda Robinson,
Masters of Chaos: The Secret History of the Special Forces
(New York: Public Affairs, 2004), pp. 320–21; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on Postwar Findings About Iraq's WMD Programs and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with Prewar Assessments,
109th Cong., 2d sess., September 8, 2006, pp. 93–94.

18.
Steven R. Weisman, “Powell Calls His U.N. Speech a Lasting Blot on His Record,”
New York Times,
September 9, 2005.

19.
Colin Powell, interviewed by Tim Russert,
Meet the Press,
MSNBC, June 10, 2007.

20.
Rumsfeld, handwritten note, January 11, 2003.