Jerusalem: The Biography (87 page)

13
Israel breakaway: 1 K 11–14 Rehoboam. Kings of Israel Asa to Omri: 1 K 15–17 – Zimri’s massacre – pisseth against wall 1 K 16.11. Sheshonq (Shishak), attack on Jerusalem: Wilkinson,
Egypt
405–9. Osorkon: Hoffmeier 107. Grabbe,
Ancient Israel
81. Campbell,
Oxford History
212–15. Meyers,
Oxford History
175. De Vaux 230. Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
260. Omrid vs Solomonic structures: Finkelstein/Silberman 180–5.

14
Ahab/Jehoshaphat: 1 K 15–18, 2 K 1–8. Jehoshaphat: I K 15–24 and 2 C 17–20. Finkelstein/Silberman 231–4. Jehu: 2 K 10.1–35. Tel Dan stele: Hoffmeier 87. Ahab vs Assyria/Shalmaneser Monolith inscription: Campbell,
Oxford History
220–3. Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III:
BM
49–54. Moabite Stone:
BM
56.

15
Jehu: 2 K 9–11, 2 C 22.
BM
49–56. Tel Dan inscription: Campbell,
Oxford History
212. Athaliah: 2 K 11–12. Campbell,
Oxford History
228–31. Reich, Shukron and Lernau, ‘Findings from the Iron Age II in the Rock-Cut Pool near the Spring’,
Israel Exploration Journal
57 (2007) 153–69: Hurowitz,
Sacred Esplanade
15–35. Uzziah/Jotham: 2 K 13–16. Expanding Jerusalem: 2 C 26.9. Fall of Israel/Jerusalem transformed: Finkelstein/Silberman 211–21, 243–8.

16
Ahaz and Isaiah – all references from Book of Isaiah: vision of Jerusalem as sinful nation 1.4; Jerusalem as woman-harlot 1.21 and mount of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem 10.32; Jerusalem as guide to nations 2.1–5; Zion in every place 4.5; God in temple 6.1–2; Ahaz 7; Emmanuel 8.8 and a child born 9.6–7; judgement and justice/wolf and lamb, guidance to gentiles 11.4–11; judgement day 26.1–2 and 14–19. Fall of Israel: 2 K 15–17. Finkelstein/Silberman 211–21, 243–8. Jews of Iran: K. Farrokh,
Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War
(henceforth Farrokh) 25–7. M. Cogan, ‘Into Exile: From the Assyrian Conquest of Israel to the Fall of Babylon’, in
Oxford History
242–3. Campbell,
Oxford History
236–9. Latest findings on Jewish genetics: ‘Studies Show Jews’ Genetic Similiarity’,
New York Times
9 June 2010.

17
Hezekiah: 2 K 18–20, 2 C 29–31. New walls, houses: Isaiah 22.9–11. New Jerusalem: swords into ploughshares: Isaiah 2.4; justice 5.8–25, 1.12–17. Sennacherib and Hezekiah: Isaiah 36–8. New rites: 2 C 30. Jeremiah 41.5. Hezekiah’s tunnel and building: 2 K 20.20 and 2 C 32.30. New quarters: 2 C 32.5. Siloam Inscription: Bahat,
Atlas
26–7. Jar-handles belonging to the king:
BM
62.
Lmlk
: for the king – Hoffmeier 108. Reich, Shukron and Lernau, ‘Findings from the Iron Age II in the Rock-Cut Pool near the Spring’,
Israel Exploration Journal
57 (2007) 153–69. Royal Steward inscription:
BM
65 – confirming Isaiah 22. 15–25. Judaean headdress:
BM
72. Grabbe,
Ancient Israel
169–70.
Archaeology
66; the wall, 137, possibly Nehemiah 3.8. Finkelstein/Silberman 234–43 and 251–64. Hurowitz,
Oxford History
15–35.

18
Sennacherib and Assyria: this section is based on J. E. Curtis and J. E. Reade (eds),
Art and Empire: Treasures from Assyria in the British Museum
, including: the dress of a Judaean soldier 71; the dress of Sennacherib on campaign is based on the reliefs of various Assyrian kings on campaign; the siege of Jerusalem is based on the Lachish reliefs of Nineveh. Assyria: Miles,
Ancient Worlds
68–77. Grabbe,
Ancient Israel
167; Assyrian texts 185. Egyptian rule: Wilkinson,
Egypt
430–35. Disaster of war: Nahum 3.1–3. Micah 1.10–13. Isaiah 1o: 28–32 and chapters
36–8
. Cogan,
Oxford History
244–51.

19
Manasseh: 2 K 21. Child sacrifice: Exodus 22.29. Kings of Jerusalem child sacrifice: 2 K 16.3 and 21.6. See also: 2 C 28.3, Leviticus 18.21, 2 K 17.31, 2 K 17.17, Jeremiah 7.31 (see Rashi commentary) and Jeremiah 32.35. Phoenician/Carthaginian child sacrifice and discovery of
tophet
in Tunisia: Miles,
Carthage Must be Destroyed
68–73. On Manasseh: Finkelstein/Silberman 263–77. Miles,
Ancient Worlds
, Grabbe,
Ancient Israel
169. Cogan,
Oxford History
252–7. Hurowitz,
Sacred Esplanade
15–35.

20
Isaiah 8.1; 9.6–7; 11.4–11; 26.1–2, 14–19. Josiah: 2 K 22 and 23, 2 C 35.20–5. De Vaux 336–9. Hurowitz,
Sacred Esplanade
15–35.

21
Fall: 2 K 24–5. Jeremiah 34.1–7, 37–9, 52. Depravity, hunger, cruelty, cannibalism, menstruous lamentation 1.17; cruelty of women 4.3; children meat 4.10. Psalms 74 and 137. Daniel 1.4 and 5; Desolation, Daniel 11.31. Lachish ostracon:
BM
87–8. Iron arrowheads, Bahat,
Atlas
28. Lavatory/sewer: Auld and Steiner,
Jerusalem
44. House of the Bullae:
Archaeological Park
52–4. Gemariah son of Shephan: Jeremiah 36.9–12. Ivory sceptre: Hoffmeier 98. The section on Babylon is based on I. L. Finkel and M. J. Seymour,
Babylon: Myth and Reality
; D. J. Wiseman,
Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon
; Finkelstein/Silberman 296–309; Wilkinson,
Egypt
441–4; Tom Holland,
Persian Fire
46–7. Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
69–71. Cogan,
Oxford History
262–8. Grabbe,
Ancient Israel
170–84. De Vaux 98. Hurowitz,
Sacred Esplanade
15–35.

22
Cyrus and the Persians: A. T. Olmstead,
History of the Persian Empire
(henceforth Olmstead) 34–66. Farrokh 37–51. Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
269–71. M. J. W. Leith, ‘Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period’, in
Oxford History
287–9. E. Stern, ‘Province of Yehud: Vision and Reality’ in Lee I. Levine (ed.)
Jerusalem Cathedra
(henceforth
Cathedra
) 1.9–21. Cogan,
Oxford History
274. Mythical stories of Cyrus and his rise: Herodotus,
Histories
84–96. Holland,
Persian Fire
8–22. On Cyrus Cylinder:
BM
92. Cyrus and President Truman: Michael B. Oren,
Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East
501. Return: Isaiah 44.21–8, 45.1 and 52.1–2. Ezra 1.1–11 and 3–4. Josephus, ‘Against Apion’ 1.154. Leith,
Oxford History
276–302. First mention of Jew: Esther 2.5.
Archaeological Park
138.

23
Darius the Great: Ezra 4–6. Haggai 1–2. Zechariah 1.7–6.15. Isaiah 9.2–7. Olmstead, 86–93, 107–18, 135–43; Zerubabbel/Darius possibly in Jerusalem 136–144. The description of Darius is based closely on that of Olmstead 117. Mythical stories of Darius’ rise/the mare’s vagina: Herodotus 229–42. Farrokh 52–74. Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
78–85 and 271. Leith,
Oxford History
303–5. Holland,
Persian Fire
20–62. Joseph Patrich, ‘538 BCE–70 CE: The Temple (Beyt ha-Miqdash) and its Mount’, in
Sacred Esplanade
37–73. Miles,
Ancient Worlds
115–19.

24
Nehemiah 1–4, 6–7, 13.
Archeological Park
137. Leith,
Oxford History
276–311. Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
85 and 277–81. JA 11.159–82.

25
Fall of Darius III and rise of Alexander: Olmstead 486–508. Farrokh 96–111. JA 11.304–46. Schäfer 5–7. Gunther Holbl,
History of the Ptolemaic Empire
(henceforth Holbl) 10–46. Maurice Sartre,
The Middle East under Rome
(henceforth Sartre) 5–6, 20.

26
Ptolemy Soter and Wars of Successors: JA 2. Josephus, ‘Against Apion’ 1.183–92. Ptolemies, style, festival in 274, Wilkinson,
Egypt
469–30. Miles,
Ancient Worlds
158–70. Adrian Goldsworthy,
Antony and Cleopatra
(henceforth Goldsworthy) 37–41. On Aristeas: Goodman 117–19, quoting Aristeas. For full text see Aristeas,
Letter of Aristeas
. Schäfer 7–18 including Agatharchides on Ptolemy taking Jerusalem.
Cathedra
1.21. Ptolemy II/Aristeas: Holbl 191. Patrich,
Sacred Esplanade
37–73.

27
Simon the Just: Ecclesiasticus 50.1–14 and 4. JA 12.2 and 12.154–236. Tobiads: C. C. Ji, ‘A New Look at the Tobiads in Iraq al-Amir’,
Liber Annuus
48 (1998) 417–40. M. Stern, ‘Social and Political Realignments in Herodian Judinea’, in
Cathedra
2.40–5. Leith,
Oxford History
290–1. Schäfer 17–23. Holbl 35–71. Edwyn Bevan,
House of Seleucus
2.168–9. Patrich,
Sacred Esplanade
37–73.

28
Antiochus the Great and the Seleucids: Bevan,
Seleucus
1.300–18 and 2.32–3 and 51–94. Holbl 127–43 and 136–8. JA 3 and 12.129–54. Seleucid court/dress/army: Bevan,
Seleucus
2.269–92. Schäfer 29–39. New Greek Jerusalem: 2 Maccabees 3.1–4.12.

29
Ecclesiasticus 50. Schäfer 32–4. Henri Daniel-Rops,
Daily Life in Palestine at the Time of Christ –
theocracy 53–5; city life 95–7; punishments 175–8. Sabbath: de Vaux – sacrifices/holocaust 415–7; Sabbath 3482–3; festivals 468–500; high priest 397. Patrich,
Sacred Esplanade
37–73.

30
Antiochus IV Epiphanes: 1 Maccabees 1, 1 Maccabees 4. Jason/Menelaos/ Antiochus: 2 Maccabees 1 and 2 Maccabees 4–6, 2 Maccabees 8.7. JA 12.237–65. Antiochus enters temple: 2 Maccabees 5.15. Debauchery in the Temple: 2 Maccabees 6.2. Character: Polybius,
Histories
31 and 331; festival 31.3. On Antiochus/festival: Diodorus,
Library of History
31.16. This account closely follows Bevan,
Seleucus
2.126–61; character 128–32; God manifest 154; death 161. Schäfer 34–47. Sartre 26–8. Building the gymnasium: 2 Maccabees 4.12. Religious edicts: 1 Maccabees 1.34–57, 2 Maccabees 6.6–11. Abomination: Daniel 11.31, 12.11. Schäfer 32–44. Holbl 190. Shanks 112–15; face on coins: silver tetradrachm in Shanks 113. Sartre 9–14. Martyrs and atrocities: 2 Maccabees 6. Greek culture: Goodman 110. Crucifixion: JA 12.256.