Independence (84 page)

44
. Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 677–78.

45
.
Am Archives
4th series, 5:608–14.

46
.
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1025–32; Maier,
American Scripture
, 69–72.

47
. JA to Warren, April 22, 1776,
PJA
4:135.

48
.
Am Archives
4th series, 6:1524;
JCC
5:425;
LDC
3:417n; Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 678.

49
. SA to Samuel Cooper, April 30, 1776,
LDC
3:600–602.

50
. Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 679.

51
.
Am Archives
4th series, 6:1524; Jensen,
Founding of a Nation
, 680–81.

52
.
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1025–32, 1032–34, 1034–35, 1046–47, 1205–6, 1206–9; 6:514–15. Pauline Maier brought to the attention of all historians what she called “the other declarations of Independence,” the local statements adopted between April and July in Virginia, South Carolina, and elsewhere. See Maier,
American Scripture
, 47–96, and see also the convenient log that she provides of these statements, 217–23.

53
. Francis Lightfoot Lee to Landon Carter, January 22, March 19, April 9, 1776,
LDC
3:130, 407, 500.

54
.
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1034–35.

55
. [Anon.], “Serious Questions Addressed to the Congress,” April [?], 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1078.

56
. “Salus Populi,” March [?], 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:98–99; [Thomas Paine], “The Forester,” [April 1776], ibid., 5:1020; “FA,” April 29, 1776, ibid., 5:1134.

57
. [Thomas Paine], “A Dialogue between the Ghost of General Montgomery … and an American Delegate, in a Wood near Philadelphia,” 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:131; [Anon.], “Plain Hints,” March [?], 1776, ibid., 5:214; “Somers,” [Williamsburg, Va., March 1776], ibid., 5:122–23; [Anon.], Untitled, March 21, 1776, ibid., 5:450.

58
. [Anon.], “Seek Truth,” April [?], 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1016; [Anon.], “Plain Hints,” March [?], 1776, ibid., 5:214; “An American,” Untitled, March 15, 1776, ibid., 5:227.

59
. Civis, “To the Freeholders … of Philadelphia,” April 30, 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:1142; James H. Hutson, “The Partition Treaty and the Declaration of Independence,”
Journal of American History
58 (1972): 351–58.

60
.
Pennsylvania Gazette
, May 1, 1776; Cato, “A Letter to the People of Pennsylvania,” Letter III and Letter IV [March 1776],
Am Archives
4th series, 5:445, 514; A Settled Citizen, “On the Present State of Publick Affairs,” April 23, 1776, ibid., 5:1037; Civis, “To the Freeholders … of Philadelphia,” April 30, 1776, ibid., 5:1141–42; Hampden, “Hampden Against Independence,” May 1, 1776, ibid., 5:1158–59; CS, “Reply to Remarks of Rationalis on “ ‘Common Sense,’ ” April 18, 1776, ibid., 5:976; [Anon.], “Reasons for a Declaration of the Independence of the American Colonies,” April 20, 1776, ibid., 5:992; Civis, “To the Inhabitants of Philadelphia,” [April 1776], ibid., 5:803–4.

61
. AB, Untitled, April 12, 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:861–62.

62
. A British American, “To the Inhabitants of the United Colonies,” December 28, 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 4:473.

63
. [Anon.], “To the Inhabitants of New-York,” April 11, 1776,
Am Archives
4th series, 5:856.

64
. JA to AA, March 19, 1776,
AFC
1:363; JA to William Tudor, April 12, 1776,
PJA
4:118; JA to Warren, May 12, 1776, ibid., 4:182.

65
.
PJA
4:65–68n.

66
. [John Adams],
Thoughts on Government
(1776),
PJA
4:86–93.

67
. Robert Treat Paine, Diary, May 5, 1776,
LDC
3:625–26; Richard Henry Lee to Samuel Purviance Jr., May 6, 1776, ibid., 3:632.

68
. Jay to James Jay, January 4, 1776,
LDC
3:29; Thomas Lynch to GW, January 16, 1776, ibid., 3:101; Morris to Gates, April 6, 1776, ibid., 3:495.

69
.
PH
18:728, 1175, 1181, 1185.

70
. Hancock to the Massachusetts Assembly, May, 16, 1776,
LDC
4:7; Hancock to Certain Colonies, June 4, 1776, ibid., 4:136; William Whipple to Joshua Brackett, June 2, 1776, ibid., 4:119; Wolcott to Laura Wolcott, May 25, 1776, ibid., 4:72; Duane to Robert Livingston, January 5, 1776, ibid., 3:33; Morris to Deane, June 5, 1776, ibid., 4:147; Bartlett to John Langdon, May 19, 1776, ibid., 4:39.

71
. Richard Henry Lee to Carter, June 2, 1776,
LDC
4:117.

72
. Wolcott to Laura Wolcott, March 2, 1776,
LDC
3:325; SA to Elizabeth Adams, February 26, 1776, ibid., 3:303.

73
. JA to AA, December 3, 1775,
AFC
1:331;
AFC
1; Thomas McKean to George Read, January 19, 1776,
LDC
3:115; Duane to Alexander McDougall, February 25, 1776, ibid., 3:300; Samuel Ward to Deborah Ward, January 2, 1776, ibid., 3:21; Wolcott to Laura Wolcott, March [8], 19, 1776, ibid., 3:359, 412; Samuel Huntington to Joseph Trumbull, February 20, March 26, 1776, ibid., 3:290; Jay to Robert R. Livingston, March 4, 1776, ibid., 3:328; Bartlett to Mary Bartlett, January 24, 1776, ibid., 3:131; Hancock to Cushing, January 17, 1776, ibid., 3:105; John Rogers to Maryland Council, April 28, 1776, ibid., 3:582n;
JCC
3:302–3.

74
. SA to Warren, March 8, 1776,
LDC
3:353–54; Paine to Joseph Hawley, January 1, 1776, ibid., 3:6–7; Paine to Joseph Palmer, January 1, 1776, ibid., 3:10–11; Paine to Warren, January 1, 1776, ibid., 3:11–12; JA to AA, April 6, 1776, ibid., 3:493.

75
. SA to Elizabeth Adams, February 26, 1776,
LDC
3:303; Jay to Livingston, March 4, 1776, ibid., 3:328; Ward to His Daughter, February 11, March 8, 1776, ibid., 3:232, 357; Ward to Anna Ward, January 21, 1776, ibid., 3:128; Deane to Elizabeth Deane, January 13, 1776, ibid., 89.

76
. AA to JA, May 7, 24, 1775,
AFC
1:195, 205.

77
. AA to JA, June [16], 1775,
AFC
1:217, 219.

78
. AA to JA, November 12, 1775,
AFC
1:325.

79
. Malcolm,
Peter’s War
, 80.

80
. AA to JA, June [16], 25, July 16, September 8, 25, 29, October 1, 9, November 12, December 10, 1775,
AFC
1:219, 232, 249, 276–78, 284, 287–88, 288–89, 296, 324–25, 337.

81
. AA to JA, October 21, 25, 1775,
AFC
1:305, 312.

82
. AA to JA, June 22, 25, July 5, 1775, March 2, 1776,
AFC
1:226, 231, 239, 353, 355.

83
. JA to AA, June 10, July 7, 1775,
AFC
1:214, 241–42; AA to JA, July 16, 1775, ibid., 1:247.

84
. AA to JA, May 24, 1775,
AFC
1:205; JA to AA, July 28, September 26, October 1, 2, 7, 13, 19, 1775, ibid., 1:267, 285, 289, 291, 295, 300–301, 303.

85
. JA to Abigail Adams, 2d, October 20, 1775,
AFC
1:304–5; JA to Thomas Boylston Adams, October 20, 1775, ibid., 1:305; JA to AA, October 29, 1775, April 15, 1776, ibid., 1:317–18, 383–84.

86
. JA to AA, December 3, 1775,
AFC
1:331.

87
. JA to AA, October 7, 1775,
AFC
1:295–96. Edith B. Gelles is the recognized authority on Abigail Adams. To understand AA and her relationship with JA, see Gelles’s,
Abigail & John: Portrait of a Marriage
(New York, 2009),
Abigail Adams: A Writing Life
(New York, 2002), and
Portia: The World of Abigail Adams
(Bloomington, Ind., 1992). Other biographies of AA include: Woody Holton,
Abigail Adams
(New York, 2009); Charles Akers,
Abigail Adams: A Revolutionary American Woman
(New York, 2007); Lynne Withey,
Dearest Friend: A Life of Abigail Adams
(New York, 1981); and Phyllis Lee Levin,
Abigail Adams: A Biography
(New York, 1987).

88
. JA to AA, March 17, April 12, 14, 1776,
AFC
1:361, 377, 382; AA to JA, March 31, 1776, ibid., 1:369–70.

89
. JA to John Winthrop, May 6, 1776,
PJA
4:175; JA to Warren, May 20, 1776, ibid., 4:195; John Dickinson Sergeant to JA, April 11, 1776, ibid., 4:114; Whipple to Joshua Brackett, April 21, 1776,
LDC
3:568; SA to Cooper, April 30, 1776, ibid., 3:600–601; Wolcott to Laura Wolcott, April 17, 1776, ibid., 3:555.

90
. Whipple to Joseph Whipple, May 6, 1776,
LDC
3:634; Francis L. Lee to Carter, April 9, 1776, ibid., 3:500; Lee to Charles Lee, May 11, 1776, ibid., 3:655.

91
. JA to Joseph Ward, April 16, 1776,
LDC
3:534; SA to Hawley, April 15, 1776, ibid., 3:528; JA to Warren, April 20, 22, 1776,
PJA
4:130–31, 136; JA to Winthrop, May 6, 1776, ibid., 4:175; JA to AA, April 28, 1776,
AFC
1:400–401.

92
. JA to Warren, March 21, May 20, 1776,
PJA
4:56, 195.

93
. Richard A. Ryerson,
The Revolution Is Now Begun: The Radical Committees of Philadelphia, 1765–1776
(Philadelphia, 1978), 172–74; William Hogeland,
Declaration: The Nine Tumultuous Weeks When America Became Independent, May 1
–
July 4, 1776
(New York, 2010), 1–10.

94
. JA to Warren, May 15, 1776,
PJA
4:186; Hogeland,
Declaration
, 11–49, 73–76. On Dickinson’s absence, see David Hawke,
A Transaction of Free Men: The Birth and Course of the Declaration of Independence
(New York, 1964), 117–18.

95
. Milton E. Flower,
John Dickinson: Conservative Revolutionary
(Charlottesville, Va., 1983), 150.

96
. Carter Braxton to Landon Carter, May 17, 1776,
LDC
4:19; JA, Notes of Debates, [May 13–15, 1776],
DAJA
2:238–41;
JCC
4:342, 357–58; Hogeland,
Declaration
, 97–100; Hawke,
A Transaction of Free Men
, 119–20.