Authors: Mirta Ojito
4
. LaGumina,
From Steerage to Suburb,
32–33.
5
. “Patchogue: Breve Historia,” Patchogue-Medford Library, n.d.,
http://www.pmlib.org/espatchbreve
.
6
. Ibid.
7
. Garland,
Gangs in Garden City,
34.
8
. Jackson,
Crabgrass Frontier,
13.
9
. Garland,
Gangs in Garden City,
33–39.
10
. “Patchogue: Breve Historia.”
11
. Information about Farmingville comes from James E. Claffey, “Anti-Immigrant Violence in Suburbia,”
Social Text
24, no. 3 (2006): 74–75.
12
. Ibid.
13
. Paul J. Smith, “Anti-Immigrant Xenophobia around the World,”
International Herald Tribune,
February 14, 1996.
14
. Claffey, “Anti-Immigrant Violence in Suburbia.”
15
.
Climate of Fear: Latino Immigrants in Suffolk County, N.Y.,
Southern Poverty Law Center, 2009, 11–13,
http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/publications/climate-of-fear-latino-immigrants-in-suffolk-county-ny
.
16
. Claffey, “Anti-Immigrant Violence in Suburbia,” 77, 78.
17
. Charlie LeDuff, “Immigrant Workers Tell of Being Lured and Beaten,”
New York Times,
September 20, 2000; Slavin: “Queens Man Is Convicted in L.I. Attack on Mexicans,”
New York Times,
December 13, 2001; Wagner, “Sentence Reduced in Beating Case,”
New York Times,
March 29, 2006.
18
. LeDuff, “Immigrant Workers Tell of Being Lured and Beaten.”
19
. Claffey, “Anti-Immigrant Violence in Suburbia.”
20
. “Fact-checking Lou Dobbs,” from
60 Minutes,
May 6, 2007, uploaded March 11, 2008, by TruthInImmigration,
http://www.youtube.com
.
21
. Bill O’Reilly and Geraldo Rivera, “Angry Fight Immigration,” from
The O’Reilly Factor,
Fox News, April 5, 2007,
http://www.youtube.com
.
22
. “Criminals Shot by Joe Horn Are Illegal Aliens,” from
The O’Reilly Factor,
Fox News, December 5, 2007, uploaded December 5, 2007, by Dan Amato,
http://www.youtube.com
.
23
. Buchanan,
State of Emergency,
5.
24
. Huntington,
Who Are We?,
181.
25
. Ibid., 185.
26
. Kalita,
Suburban Sahibs,
3.
27
. Charlie LeDuff, “Tensions Persist after Suffolk Vote on Immigrant Workers,”
New York Times,
September 2, 2000.
28
.
Climate of Fear,
8.
29
. Ibid., 11.
30
. Ibid., 8.
31
. Ibid., 11.
32
. Ibid., 19.
33
. Ibid.
34
. Ibid.
C
HAPTER
5: B
EANER
J
UMPING
1
. Information about Christopher Overton comes from interviews with Denise Overton, April 4, 2012–December 10, 2012.
2
. Interview with Denise Overton.
3
. The narrative of the events that transpired in the evening of November 8, 2008, comes from the confessions of Jeffrey Conroy
(Long Island Wins,
January 19, 2010,
http://www.longislandwins.com
/), José Pacheco
(Long Island Wins,
April 9, 2010), Christopher Overton
(Long Island Wins,
April 7, 2010), Jordan Dasch
(Long Island Wins,
February 23, 2010), Nicholas Hausch
(Long Island Wins,
March 31, 2010), Kevin Shea
(Long Island Wins,
February 5, 2010), and Anthony Hartford
(Long Island Wins,
April 7, 2010), as well as the court testimony of Conroy and Hausch. Where possible, their version of events has been corroborated by interviews with Bob Conroy and Denise Overton.
4
. Tamara Boch and Angel Canales, unpublished transcript of documentary
Running Wild: Hate and Immigration on Long Island,
aired on WLIW-TV, November 11, 2009.
5
. Levin,
Hate Crimes Revisited,
17–23.
6
. Ibid., 23.
7
. Ibid., 25.
8
. People of the State of New York v. Jeffrey Conroy, Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of Suffolk Nos. 236A-2009, 252A-2009, 3032A-2009, sentencing hearing (May 26, 2010).
9
. Unless otherwise noted, all the information about Jeffrey Conroy’s childhood and adolescence comes from interviews with Bob Conroy conducted December 6, 2010–January 4, 2013.
10
. Information about Pamela Suárez comes from interviews conducted with her on June 29, 2011, and July 1, 2011.
11
. Anne Barnard, “Admired by Many, but to Police a Killer,”
New York Times,
November 24, 2008.
12
. Manny Fernandez, “A Hate Crime Killer Denies Being So Hateful,”
New York Times,
April 30, 2010.
13
. From a May 29, 2012, interview with someone close to the Conroys who didn’t want to be identified for fear of offending the family.
14
. Ibid.
15
. Levin,
Hate Crimes Revisited,
27.
16
. Ibid., 47.
17
.
Deputized,
directed by Susan Hagedorn and Amanda Zinoman (Seedworks Films, 2012).
18
. Robin Finn, “A Principal Struggles with the Killing’s Aftermath,”
New York Times,
November 23, 2008.
19
. From a 2012 phone interview with Clarissa Espinosa.
20
. Patrick Whittle, “Patchogue ESL Classes to Remain,”
Newsday,
December 17, 2008.
21
. From an interview with Michael Mostow, May 29, 2012.
22
. “Long Island Nassau Suffolk County New York Political Forum,”
The Schwartz Report,
July 25, 2005,
http://www.theschwartzreport.com
/.
23
. Jennifer Sinco Kelleher, “School Wrestles with Issues of Race,”
Newsday,
November 18, 2008.
24
. Michael M. Grynbaum, “Cheer Fades as Stocks Plunge 9%,”
New York Times,
December 2, 2008.
25
. Ray Allen Billington, “The Burning of the Charlestown Convent,”
New England Quarterly: A Historical Review of New England Life and Letters
10, no. 1 (March 1937): 4–24.
26
. Bennett,
The Party of Fear.
27
. Scott Zesch, “Chinese Los Angeles in 1870–1871: The Makings of a Massacre,”
Southern California Quarterly
90 (Summer 2008): 109–58.
28
. George E. Cunningham, “The Italian, a Hindrance to White Solidarity in Louisiana, 1890–1898,”
Journal of Negro History
50 (January 1965): 25–26.
29
. John G. Bitzes, “The Anti-Greek Riots of 1909—South Omaha,”
Nebraska History
51 (1970): 16–17.
30
. Richard Griswold del Castillo, “The Los Angeles ‘Zoot Suit Riots’ Revisited: Mexican and Latin American Perspectives,”
Mexican Studies
16, no. 2 (Summer 2000): 367–91.
31
. Gerstenfeld,
Hate Crimes,
89–90.
32
. Roger Daniels,
Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life,
2nd ed. (New York: Perennial, 2002), xii.
33
. Sucheng Chan, “A People of Exceptional Character: Ethnic Diversity, Nativism, and Racism in the California Gold Rush,”
California History
79, no. 2 (Summer 2000): 44–85.
34
. Richard H. Peterson, “The Mexican Gold Rush: Illegal Aliens of the 1850s,”
Californians
3 (June 1985): 19.
35
. William R. Kenny, “Mexican-American Conflict on the Mining Frontier, 1848–52,”
Journal of the West
6 (October 1967): 587.
36
. Francisco A. Rosales,
Pobre Raza! Violence, Justice, and Mobilization among México Lindo Immigrants, 1900–1936
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999), 78–81.
37
. Brentin Mock, “Immigration Backlash: Hate Crimes against Latinos Flourish,”
Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report,
no. 128 (Winter 2007),
http://www.splcenter.org
/.
38
. Rosales,
Pobre Raza!,
78.
39
. Ibid., 77–78.
40
. Ibid., 107.
41
. Ibid., 102.
42
. Ibid., 105.
43
. Nancy Cervantes, Sasha Khokha, and Sasha Murray, “Hate Unleashed: Los Angeles in the Aftermath of Proposition 187,”
Chicano-Latino Law Review
8 (1995): 2.
44
. Carrasco, “Latinos in the United States,” 197.
45
. Cervantes, Khokha, and Murray, “Hate Unleashed,” 8.
46
. Ibid., 14.
47
. Mock, “Immigration Backlash.”
48
. Ibid.
49
. Ibid.