Authors: Christopher Hilton
24
.
Daniels and Tedder, ‘
A Proper Spectacle
’, p. 127.
25
.
Ibid
.
26
.
usatf.org/athletes/hof/johnson_c.asp (visited 25 August 2005).
27
.
Hitler’s Pawn
, Clear Channel Entertainment Television/Black Canyon Productions, New York.
28
.
Gretel Bergmann; interview with author.
29
.
webs.wichita.edu/dt/shockermag/show/dept.asp?_s=138&_ d=11 (visited 10 October 2005).
30
.
Jesse Owens with Paul Neimark,
JESSE: The Man Who Outran Hitler
(New York, Fawcett Gold Medal, 1978).
31
.
usatf.org/athletes/hof/snyder.asp (visited 25 August 2005).
32
.
Glickman with Isaacs,
The Fastest Kid on the Block
.
33
.
usatf.org/athletes/hof/albritton.asp (visited on 10 May 2006).
34
.
usatf.org/athletes/hof/lash.asp (visited 11 August 2005).
35
.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela_Mauermayer (visited 12 August 2005).
36
.
Ibid
.
37
.
New York Times
, 18 June 1996.
38
.
www.jewsinsports.org/Olympics.asp?sport=olympics&ID=2
- 9k (visited 19 November 2005).
39
.
Gretel Bergmann; interview with author.
40
.
New York Times
, 28 October 2002.
41
.
eleanor-holm.biography.ms/ (visited 21 August 2005).
42
.
frankwykoff2.com/olympic_oak_tree.htm (visited 25 October 2005).
43
.
Velma Dunn Ploessel; interview with author.
44
.
www.usc.edu/dept/pubrel/trojan_family/summer03/F_Zamperini.html
(visited 29 September 2005).
45
.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woodruff (visited 12 August 2005).
46
.
Fritz Wandt; interview with Birgit Kubisch.
47
.
The XIth Olympic Games Berlin, 1936 Official Report.
48
.
M.N. Masood,
The World’s Hockey Champions
(Delhi, Model Press, 1937).
49
.
Ibid
.
Here are all the medal winners from Berlin with, for interest, the winning times from Track and Field in the 1896 and 2004 Athens Games. (Track and Field has been the centrepiece all the way through, and comparisons can be made). In every event at Berlin the winner won gold, second silver and third bronze.
Men
Track and Field
100m J. Owens (USA) 10.3s, R. Metcalfe (USA) 10.4, M. Osendarp (Hol) 10.5. Athens 1896 12.0, Athens 2004, 9.85.
200m: J. Owens (USA) 20.7s, M. Robinson (USA) 21.1, M. Osendarp (Hol) 21.3. Athens 22.2/ 19.79.
400m: A. Williams (USA) 46.5s, G. Brown (GB) 46.7, J. LuValle (USA) 46.8. Athens 54.2/ 44.0.
800m: J. Woodruff (USA) 1m 52.9s, M. Lanzi (Ita) 1:53.3, P. Edwards (Can) 1:53.6. Athens 2:11.0/ 1:44.45.
1,500m: J. Lovelock (NZ) 3m 47.8s, G. Cunningham (USA) 3:48.4, L. Beccali (Ita) 3:49.2. Athens 4:33.2/ 3.34.18.
5,000m: G. Höckert (Fin) 14m 22.2s, L. Lehtinen (Fin) 14:25.8, H. Jonsson (Swe) 14:29.0. Athens: not held/ 13:14.39.
10,000m: I. Salminen (Fin) 30m 15.4s, A. Askola (Fin) 30:15.6, V. Iso-Hollo (Fin) 30:20.2. Athens: not held/ 27:05.10.
Marathon: S. Kee-Chung (Jap) 2h 29m 19.2s, E. Harper (GB) 2h 31:23.2, N. Seong-Yong (Jap) 2h 31:42.0. Athens 2h 58.50/ 2h 10:55.0.
3,000m steeplechase: V. Iso-Hollo (Fin) 9m 03.8s, K. Tuominen (Fin) 9:06.8, A. Dompert (Ger) 9:07.2. Athens: not held/ 8:05/81.
110m hurdles: F. Towns (USA) 14.2s, D. Finlay (GB) 14.4, F. Pollard (USA) 14.4. Athens 17.6/ 12.91.
400m hurdles: G. Hardin (USA) 52.4s, J. Loaring (Can) 52.7, M. White (Phi) 52.8. Athens: not held/ 47.63.
4 × 100 relay: USA 39.8s, Italy 41.1, Germany 41.2, GB 41.3. Athens: not held/ 38.08.
4 × 400 relay: GB 3m 09.0s, USA 3:11.0, Germany 3:11.8. Athens: not held/ 2:55.91.
50km road walk: H. Whitlock (GB) 4h 30m 41.1s, A. Schwalb (Switz) 4h 32:09.2, A. Bubenko (Lat) 4h 32:42.2. Athens: not held/ 3h 38:46.0.
High jump: C. Johnson (USA) 2.03m, D. Albritton (USA) 2.00m, D. Thurber (USA) 2.00m. Athens 1.81m/ 2.36m.
Pole vault: E. Meadows (USA) 4.35m, S. Nishida (Jap) 4.25m, S. Oe (Jap) 4.25m. Athens 3.30m/ 5.95m.
Long jump: J. Owens (USA) 8.06m, L. Long (Ger) 7.87m, N. Tajima (Jap) 7.74m. Athens 6.35m/ 8.95m.
Triple jump: N. Tajima (Jap) 16.00m, M. Harada (Jap) 15.66m, J. Metcalfe (Austral) 15.50m. Athens 13.71m/ 17.79m.
Shot-put: H. Woellke (Ger) 16.20m, S. Bärlund (Fin) 16.12m, G. Stock (Ger) 15.66m. Athens 11.22m/ 21.15m.
Discus: K. Carpenter (USA) 50.48m, G. Dunn (USA) 49.36m, G. Oberweger (Ita) 49.23m. Athens 29.15m/ 69.89m.
Hammer: K. Hein (Ger) 56.49m, E. Blask (Ger) 55.04m, F. Warngard (Swe) 54.83m. Athens: not held/ 82.91m.
Javelin: G. Stock (Ger) 71.84m, Y. Nikkanen (Fin) 70.77m, K. Toivonen (Fin) 70.72m. Athens: not held/ 86.50m.
Decathlon: G. Morris (USA) 7,254 pts, R. Clark (USA) 7,063 pts, J. Parker (USA) 6,760 pts. Athens: not held/ 8,893 pts.
Basketball
America, Canada, Mexico.
Boxing
Flyweight: W. Kaiser (Ger), G. Matta (Ita), L. Laurie (USA).
Bantamweight: U. Sergo (Ita), J. Wilson (USA), F. Ortiz (Mex).
Featherweight: O. Casanovas (Arg), C. Catterall (S Af), J. Miner (Ger).
Lightweight: I. Harangi (Hun), N. Stepulov (Est), E. Agren (Swe).
Welterweight: S. Suvio (Fin), M. Murach (Ger), G. Petersen (Den).
Middleweight: J. Despeaux (Fra), H. Tiller (Nor), R. Villareal (Arg).
Light-heavyweight: R. Michelot (Fra), R. Vogt (Ger), F. Risiglione (Arg).
Heavyweight: H. Runge (Ger), G. Loveli (Arg), E. Nilsen (Nor).
Canoeing
1,000 metres kayak singles: G. Hradetsky (Aus) 4m 22.9s, H. Cämmerer (Ger) 4:25.6, J. Kraaier (Hol) 4:35.1.
10,000 metres kayak singles: E. Krebs (Ger) 46m 01.6s, F. Landerfinger (Aus) 46:14.7, E. Riedel (USA) 47:23.9.
1,000 metres kayak pairs: Austria 4m 03.8s, Germany 4:08.9, Holland 4:12.2.
10,000 metres kayak pairs: Germany 41m 45.0s, Austria 42:05.4, Sweden 43:06.1.
1,000 metres Canadian singles: F. Arnyot (Can) 5m 32.1s, B. Karlik (Czh) 5:36.9, E. Koshik (Ger) 5:39.0.
1,000 metres Canadian pairs: Czechoslovakia 4m 50.1, Austria 4:53.8, Canada 4:56.7.
10,000 metres Canadian pairs: Czechoslovakia 50m 33.5s, Canada 51m 15.8, Austria 51:28.0.
10,000 metres folding kayak singles: G. Hradetzky (Aus) 50:01.2, H. Eberhardt (Fra) 50:04.2, X. Hörmann (Ger) 50:06.5.
10,000 metres folding kayak pairs: Sweden 45:48.9, Germany 45:49.2, Holland 46:12.4.
Cycling
1,000 metres time-trial: A.Vliet (Hol) 1m 12.0s, P. Georger (Fra) 1:12.8, R. Karsch (Ger) 1:13.2.
1,000 metres sprint: T. Merkens (Ger) 11m 8s, A.Vliet (Hol), L. Chaillot (Fra).
4,000 metres team pursuit: France 4m 45.0s, Italy 4:51.0, Great Britain 4:52.6.
2,000 metres tandem: Germany 11.8s, Netherlands, France.
Team road race: France 7h 39m 16.2s Switzerland 7 39:20.4, Belgium 7 39:21.0.
Individual road race: R. Charpentier (Fra) 2h 33m 05.0s, G. Lapebie (Fra) 2 33:05.2, E. Nievergeit (Switz) 2 33:05.8
Equestrian
Jumping: K. Hasse (Ger) 4 faults, H. Rang (Rom) 4, J. von Platthy (Hun) 8 Team: Germany 44 faults, Holland 51.5, Portugal 56.
Dressage: H. Pollay (Ger) 1,760 pts, F. Gerhard (Ger) 1,745.4 pts, A. Podhajsky (Aus) 1,721.5.
Team: Germany 5,074 pts, France 4,846 pts, Sweden 4,660.5 pts.
Three-day event: L. Stubbendorf (Ger) 37.7 faults, E. Thomson (USA) 99.9, H. Lunding (Den) 102.2.
Team: Germany 676.75 pts, Poland 991.70 pts, Great Britain 9,195.90 pts.
Fencing
Foil: G. Gaudini (Ita) 7 wins, F. Gardère (Fra) 6, G. Bocchino (Ita) 4.
Team: Italy, France, Germany.
Épée: F. Riccardi (Ita) 13 wins, S. Ragno (Ita) 12, G. Cornaggia-Medici (Ita) 12.
Team: Italy, Sweden, France.
Sabre: E. Kabos (Hun) 7 wins, G. Marzi (Ita) 6, A. Gerevich (Hun) 6.
Team: Hungary, Italy, Germany.
Football
Semi-finals: Italy 2, Norway 1; Austria 3, Poland 1.
Final: Italy 2, Austria 1.
Gymnastics
Team: Germany 657.430 pts, Switzerland 654.802 pts, Finland 638.468 pts.
Individual combined exercises: A. Schwarzmann (Ger) 113.100 pts, E. Mack (Switz), 112.334 pts, K. Frey (Ger) 111.532 pts.
Floor exercises: G. Miez (Switz) 18.666, J. Walter (Switz) 18.5, K. Frey (Ger)/ E. Mack (Switz) 18.466.
Parallel bars: K. Frey (Ger)19.067, M. Reusch (Switz) 19.034, A. Schwarzmann (Ger) 18.967.
Pommel horse: K. Frey (Ger) 19.333, E. Mack (Switz) 19.167, A. Bachmann (Switz) 19.067.
Rings: A. Hudec (Czh) 19.433, L. Skutelj (Yug) 18.867, M. Volz (Ger) 18.667.
Horizontal bar: A. Saarvala (Fin) 19.367, K. Frey (Ger) 19.267, A. Schwarzmann (Ger) 19.233.
Horse vault: A. Schwarzmann (Ger) 19.200, E. Mack (Switz) 18.967, M. Volz (Ger) 18.467.
Handball
Germany, Austria, Switzerland.
Hockey
India, Germany, Holland.
Modern Pentathlon
G. Handrick (Ger) 31.5, C. Leonard (USA) 39.5, S. Abba (Ita) 45.5.
Rowing
Single sculls: G. Schäfer (Ger) 8m 21.5s, J. Hasenöhri (Aus) 8:25.8, D. Barrow (USA) 8:28.0.
Double sculls: Great Britain 7m 20.8s, Germany 7:26.2, Poland 7:36.2.
Coxless pairs: Germany 8m 16.1s, Denmark 8:19.2, Argentina 8:23.0
Coxed pairs: Germany 8m 36.9s, Italy 8:49.7, France 8:54.0.
Coxless fours: Germany 7m 01.8s, Great Britain 7:06.5, Switzerland 7:10.6.
Coxed fours: Germany 7m 16.2s, Switzerland 7:24.3, France 7:33.3.
Eights: United States 6m 25.4s, Italy 6:26.0, Germany 6:26.4.
Shooting
Free pistol: T. Ullman (Swe) 559, E. Krempel (Ger) 544, C. des Jammonières (Fra) 540.
Rapid-fire pistol: C. van Oyen (Ger) 36, H. Hax (Ger) 35, T. Ullman (Swe) 34.
Small-bore rifle: W. Rögeberg (Nor) 300, R. Berzsenyi (Hun) 296, W. Karás (Pol) 296.
Swimming
100m freestyle: F. Csík (Hun) 57.6s, M. Yusa (Jap) 57.9, S. Arai (Jap) 58.0.
400m freestyle: J. Medica (USA) 4m 44.5s, S. Uto (Jap) 4:45.6, S. Makino (Jap) 4:28.1.
1,500m freestyle: N. Terada (Jap) 19m 13.7s, J. Medica (USA) 19:34.0, S. Uto (Jap) 19:34.5.
200m breaststroke: T. Hamuro (Jap) 2m 42.5s, E. Sietas (Ger) 2:42.9, R. Koike (Jap) 2:42.2.
100m backstroke: A. Keifer (USA) 1m 05.9s, A. van de Weghe (USA) 1:07.7, M. Kiyokawa (Jap) 1:08.4.
4 × 200m freestyle relay: Japan 8m 51.5s, USA 9:03.0, Hungary 9:12.3.
Springboard diving: R. Deneger (USA) 163.57, M. Wayne (USA) 159.56, A. Greene (USA) 146.29.
Highboard diving: M. Wayne (USA) 113.58, E. Root (USA) 110.60, H. Stork (Ger) 110.31.
Water polo: Hungary, Germany, Belgium.
Weight-lifting
Featherweight: A. Terlazzo (USA) 312.5kg, S.M. Soliman (Egy) 305kg, I. Shams (Egy) 300kg.
Lightweight: A.M. Mesbah (Egy) 342.5kg / R. Fein (USA) 342.5kg,
*
K. Jansen (Ger) 327.5kg.
Middleweight: K.E. Thouni (Egy) 387.5kg, R. Ismayr (Ger) 352.5kg, A. Wagner (Ger) 352.5kg.
Light-heavyweight: L. Hostin (Fra) 372.5kg, E. Deutsch (Ger) 365kg, I. Wasif (Egy) 360kg.
Heavyweight: J. Manger (Aus) 410kg, V. Psenicka (Czh) 402.5kg, A. Luhaäär (Est) 400kg.
Wrestling
Free-style bantamweight: O. Zombori (Hun), R. Flood (USA), J. Herbert (Ger).
Free-style featherweight: K. Pihlajamaki (Fin), F. Millard (USA), G. Josson (Swe).
Free-style lightweight: K. Karpati (Hun), W. Ehrl (Ger), H. Pihlajamaki (Fin).
Free-style welterweight: F. Lewis (USA), T. Andersson (Swe), J. Schlleimer (Can).
Free-style middleweight: E. Poilve (Fra), R. Voliva (USA), A. Kireicci (Tur).
Free-style light heavyweight: K. Fridell (Swe), A. Neo (Est), E. Siebert (Ger).
Free-style heavyweight: K. Palusalu (Est), J. Kalpuch (Czh), H. Nystrom (Fin).
Graeco-Roman bantamweight: M. Lorincz (Hun), E. Svensson (Swe), J. Brendel (Ger).
Graeco-Roman featherweight: Y. Erkan (Tur), A. Reini (Fin), E. Karlsson (Swe).
Graeco-Roman lightweight: L. Koskela (Fin), J. Herda (Czh), V. Vali (Est).
Graeco-Roman welterweight: R. Svedberg (Swe), F. Schafer (Ger), E. Virtanen (Fin).
Graeco-Roman middleweight: I. Johansson (Swe), L. Schweikeert (Ger), J. Palotas (Hun).
Graeco-Roman light heavyweight: A. Cadier (Swe), E. Bietags (Lat), A. Néo (Est).
Graeco-Roman heavyweight: K. Palusalu (Est), J. Nyman (Swe), K. Hornfischer (Ger).
Yachting
Olympic monotype: D. Kagchelland (Hol), W. Grogramm (Ger), P. Scot (GB).
International star: Germany, Sweden, Holland.
6 metres: Great Britain, Norway, Sweden.
**
8 metres: Italy, Norway, Germany.
Women
Track and Field
(no women competed at Athens, 1896, so the comparison relates to 2004).
100m: H. Stephens (USA) 11.5s, S. Walsh (Pol) 11.7, K. Krauss (Ger) 11.9. Athens 10.93.
80m hurdles: T. Valla (Ita) 11.7s, A. Steuer (Ger) 11.7, E. Taylor (Can) 11.7. Athens: not held.
4 × 100m relay: USA 46.9s, GB 47.6, Canada 47.8. Athens 41.73.
High jump: I. Csák (Hun) 1.60m, D. Odam (GB) 1.60, E. Kaun (Ger) 1.60. Athens 2.06.