Heart: An American Medical Odyssey (48 page)

“We became interested in the artificial heart’:
Cooper,
Open Heart,
362.

“Our first clinical application of this pump’:
Michael E. DeBakey, “Development of Mechanical Heart Devices,”
Annals of Thoracic Surgery
2005;79:228–231.

On April 4, 1969:
Lawrence K. Altman, “The Feud,”
New York Times,
November 27, 2007,
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/27/health/27docs.html?pagewanted=all
.

“In 1968, it was evident to me’:
Cooper,
Open Heart,
379.

The initial VADs created pulsatile flow:
Douglas J. Hirsch and John R. Cooper, “Cardiac Failure and Left Ventricular Assist Devices,”
Anesthesiology Clinics of North America
2003;21:628.

Recent data from a National Heart Lung:
James K. Kirklin, David C. Naftel, Robert L. Kormos, Lynne W. Stevenson, et al., “Fifth INTERMACS Annual Report: Risk Factor Analysis from More Than 6,000 Mechanical Circulatory Support Patients,”
Journal of Heart Lung Transplantation
2013;32:143.

The HeartMate II LVAD:
Farooq H. Shiekh and Stuart Russell, “HeartMate II Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist System,”
Expert Review of Medical Devices
2011;8:11–21.

“Choosing an appropriate recipient for a heart transplant’:
“Way Is Clear for Heart Transplant,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
1967;202(8):31.

“I believe that this nation’:
President John F. Kennedy, excerpt from the Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs, May 25, 1961,
http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/jfk_speech_text.html
.

It was during these animal studies:
David K. C. Cooper,
Open Heart: The Radical Surgeons Who Revolutionized Medicine
(New York: Kaplan, 2010)
,
319–320.

Lower and Shumway devised a method to suture:
Donald McRae,
Every Second Counts
(New York: Berkley Books, 2006), 83–86.

Dr. Yurii Voronoy, a Ukrainian:
Edouard Matevossian, Hans Kern, Norbert Hüser, et al.: “Surgeon Yurii Voronoy (1895–1961)—A Pioneer in the History of Clinical Transplantation: In Memoriam at the 75th Anniversary of the First Human Kidney Transplantation,”
Transplant International
2009:22:1132.

Peter Medawar, a British biologist:
“The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960, Peter Medawar—Biographical,”
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/medawar-bio.html
.

In 1954, Dr. Joseph Murray:
Thomas E. Starzl, “The Development of Clinical Renal Transplantation,”
American Journal of Kidney Diseases
1990;16:549.

total body irradiation:
Rene J. Duquesnoy, “Early History of Transplant Immunology: Part II,”
ASHI Quarterly,
Fourth Quarter 2005,
http://www.ashi-hla.org/docs/newsletter/ASHI_Quarterly/29_4_2005/3_ear_hist_trans_part2.pdf
.

“The precise mechanism’:
Richard R. Lower, Raymond C. Stofer, and Norman E. Shumway, “Homovital Transplantation of the Heart,”
Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
1961;41:196.10.

On June 11, 1963:
McRae,
Every Second Counts,
130.

Ten days later:
“Pardon to Reward Convict in Rare Lung Transplant,”
Fort Scott Tribune,
June 21, 1963,
http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1906&dat=19630621&id=8dofAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RNkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1852,2461432
.

“But how soon after’:
James D. Hardy, Carlos M. Chavez, Fred D. Kurrus, et al., “Heart Transplantation in Man,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
1964;188:115.

“When, if ever’:
Hardy et al., “Heart Transplantation in Man,” 115.

“Since we were not willing’:
Hardy et al., “Heart Transplantation in Man,” 116.

“A regular and forceful beat’:
Hardy et al., “Heart Transplantation in Man,” 120.

In a reverse of the procedure:
McRae,
Every Second Counts,
181–182.

“was harder technically and emotionally’:
Richard D. Lyons, “Heart Transplant Fails to Save 2-Week-Old Baby in Brooklyn,”
New York Times,
December 7, 1967.

immune systems are immature:
Adrian Kantrowitz, “America’s First Human Heart Transplantation: The Concept, the Planning and the Furor,”
ASAIO Journal
1998;44:244.

Kantrowitz was a remarkable innovator:
Jascha Hoffmann, “Dr. Adrian Kantrowitz, Cardiac Pioneer, Dies at 90,”
New York Times,
November 19, 2008,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/us/19kantrowiztz.html
.

abandon the transplant:
McRae,
Every Second Counts,
161–162.

“All we were interested in’:
Cooper,
Open Heart,
328–331.

Louis Washkansky was a:
Life,
December 15, 1967, 24A.

Denise Darvall, a twenty-five-year-old woman:
McRae,
Every Second Counts,
200.

“I decided I would not take out Denise’s heart’:
Cooper,
Open Heart,
334.

According to Marius:
McRae,
Every Second Counts,
206–207.

“Now we’ve got the heart in a donor’:
“Gift of a Heart,”
Life
, December 15, 1967, 27.

“Right away after the shock’:
Ibid.

Adrian Kantrowitz became the first surgeon:
McRae,
Every Second Counts,
235–236.

“We were trying to make one whole individual out of two individuals’:
Lyons, “Heart Transplant Fails to Save 2-Week-Old Baby in Brooklyn.”

This patient was Philip Blaiberg:
McRae,
Every Second Counts,
269–274.

Dr. Shumway began using cyclosporin A:
Daniel J. DiBardino, “The History and Development of Cardiac Transplantation,”
Texas Heart Institute Journal
1999;26:204.

According to the United Network for Organ Sharing:
http://www.unos.org
.

heart transplant waiting list:
http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/PoliciesandBylaws2/policies/pdfs/policy_9.pdf

the median predicted survival is fourteen years:
Josef Stehlik, Leah B. Edwards, Anna Y. Kucheryavaya, et al., “The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twenty-Eighth Adult Heart Transplant Report—2011,”
Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
2011;30:1083.

There are currently about thirty-five hundred patients:
http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/latestData/rptData.asp
.

Aaron, Dr. Benjamin,
85
,
97
,
120
,
128

Abdullah, king of Saudi Arabia,
224
–25,
244

Abrams, Herbert,
124
–25

ABSCAM scandal,
47

ACE inhibitors,
40
,
218
,
255

Adair, Paul “Red,”
141

Addington, David,
106
,
153
–55

Afghanistan, visit to,
212
–13

Agnew, Spiro,
154

Aldactone,
218

Alexander, Keith,
192

Allbaugh, Joe,
111
–12,
113
,
115

al Qaeda,
191
–92

altitude, effects of,
1
,
75
,
97
,
118
,
244
,
304

altitude sickness,
197
–98

Altman, Lawrence,
121
,
125

American Heart Association (AHA),
21
–22,
36
,
138
,
139
,
141
,
178
,
239

amyl nitrate,
33

Anies, Gus,
278

angioplasty, balloon,
167
–72,
251
–52

antiplatelet drugs,
40

anthrax prophylaxis,
194
–95

anticoagulants,
2
,
4
,
33
,
34
,
213
,
227
,
243
,
248
–49,
252
,
262

Anturane,
40

Archimedes,
262

Aristotle,
51
,
52

arrhythmias

Cheney’s risk for,
175

early research to detect,
37
,
38
,
39

heart failure with,
303

implantable cardioverter defibrillator to control,
4
,
179
–83,
219
,
231
,
241

sudden cardiac arrest and,
176
,
241

See also
atrial fibrillation; ventricular fibrillation

arteriography.
See
cardiac catheterization

artificial heart,
119
,
257
–59

aspirin,
40
,
197
,
234

atherosclerosis,
19
–20,
22
,
25
,
26
,
95
,
122
,
139
–40,
142
,
167
,
202

atorvastatin (Lipitor),
40
,
82
,
197

atrial fibrillation (A Fib),
221
,
226
–32,
245
,
249
,
250
,
260
,
292
,
308

automated external defibrillation (AED),
239
–41

Axelrod, Dr. Paul,
178

Azerbaijan,
221
,
222

Bachmann, Adolf,
140
,
141

Baglivi, Giorgio,
253

Baker, Howard,
69

Baker, Jim,
84
,
100
,
131

balloon angioplasty,
167
–72,
251
–52

Barnard, Dr. Christiaan,
287
,
295
–97,
298

Barnard, Marius,
296
,
297

Barnett, Bob,
282
–83

Barnett, Ross,
290

Baron, Kenneth,
160

Becker, Dr. Richard,
169

Bennett, Bob,
196
–97

Bennett, William,
197

Benson, Merritt,
49

Bernanke, Ben,
222

beta blockers,
40
,
234
,
241
,
255

biological agents, protection against,
194
–97

Blaiberg, Philip,
298

bleeding episodes

anticoagulants and,
249

bloodletting to prevent,
253

end-stage heart failure and,
303

internal in thigh,
3
,
265

left ventricular assist device and,
271
,
273
,
300

nosebleed incidents and,
243
,
248
–50

bloodletting,
253

Bloom, David,
215

Bohrer, David,
189
,
277

Bosch, Dr. Ryan,
204
,
206
,
209
,
214
,
216
,
219
,
233
,
249

Boswell, Dr. J. T.,
124

Bowie, Alexander,
52
–53

Bruenn, Dr. Howard,
125
–26

Burch, Dean,
28

Burton, Dr. Nelson,
5
,
246
,
264
,
267
,
268
,
270
–71

Bush, Barbara,
111

Bush, George H. W.,
84

atrial fibrillation of,
227

cabinet of,
99
–100,
101
–02,
106

presidential election and,
83
,
85
–86,
96

world situation and,
104
,
105

Bush, George W.

campaigns and,
131
,
132
,
134
,
193

Cheney as running mate of,
111
–15,
116
,
118
–19,
121
–22,
127
–34,
193
,
224

Cheney’s vice presidency under,
115
,
155
–56,
161
,
189
,
190
,
193
,
212

Cheney’s health and,
133
,
150
,
173
,
193

9/11 terrorist attack and,
189
,
190
,
191

presidency of,
161
,
173
,
174
,
222

Bush, Laura,
113
,
132

bypass surgery.
See
coronary bypass surgery

Byrd, Robert,
72

Caputy, Dr. Anthony,
236

cardiac catheterization

angioplasty with,
145
,
146
–52,
167
–70

Cheney’s monitoring with,
57
–58,
74
–75,
76
,
77
,
120
,
122
,
127
,
133
,
136
–38,
142
–44,
147
–52,
165
,
166
,
167
–70,
181
–82,
251
,
264
,
267