Harold (44 page)

19. Maund,
Ireland
, p. 138 places the marriage around 1057. Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 575, Stafford,
Unification
, p. 93, Loyn,
Norman Conquest
, p. 66, Douglas,
William
, p. 172, F. Barlow,
The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042–1216
2nd edn (London, 1988), p. 70, Barlow,
Edward
, pp. 193–4 for varying views on whether or not any scheme existed on the part of Godwine’s family to oust Leofric’s family from power.

20.
ASC
D 1058,
JW
1058, Jones,
Brut – Peniarth
, p. 14, Stokes,
Tigernach
1058,
DB Yorkshire
, 1L1 for Amounderness,
DB Cheshire
, B7 for lands beyond the Dee. It is possible that Aelfgar received part of the spoils since
DB Oxfordshire
, B1 records him as earl before 1066 but this shire is more likely to have come into his hands on the death of Earl Ralph in 1057.

21. Ransford,
Early Charters
, pp. xiii–xxiv, 3–4.
WC
, pp. xxxviii–xliii, 31–9.

22.
ASC
D 1061,
JW
1061,
VER
, pp. 34–7 and Swanton,
Three Lives
, p. 103 for Tosti’s visit to Rome and
Simeon of Durham – A History of the Kings of England
, tr. J. Stevenson (Lampeter, 1978), 1061 for Malcolm’s raid.

23.
ASC
1058, Swanton,
Three Lives
, p. 104,
ASC
D 1063,
JW
1063,
ASC
1065 for this raid.

24.
ASC
D 1063,
JW
1063.

25.
VER
, p. 87. (By permission of Oxford University Press)

26.
ASC
D/E 1063,
JW
1063,
VER
, pp. 65, 87–8,
Gerald of Wales – Journey Through Wales/Description of Wales
, tr. L. Thorpe (Harmondsworth, 1978), p. 266.

27.
ASC
D/E 1063,
JW
1063–4 and Jones,
Brut – Peniarth
, p. 15. MacAirt and MacNiocaill,
Ulster
1064 names the murderer. Stafford,
Unification
, pp. 95, 121, K.L. Maund ‘Cynan ap Iago and the Killing of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn’,
CMCS
, 10 (1985), p. 65.

28.
DB Cheshire
, B7 and Brooke,
Welsh Border
, pp. 11, 93 for the restorations and
ASC
C/D 1065 for Harold’s conquests. R.R. Davies,
The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063–1415
(Oxford, 1991), p. 26, Walker,
Medieval Wales
, pp. 18–19, Barlow,
Edward
, p. 212, Thorpe,
Gerald of Wales
, p. 266 and
Johannis Saresberiensis Episcopi Carnotensis Policratus
, ed. C.C.J. Webb (London, 1909), pp. 19–20.

1. Wilson,
Bayeux
, pls 25–6.

2.
WJ
, pp. 159–61,
WP
, pp. 100–14 [4–6] for the Norman version of events and Bosanquet,
Eadmer
, pp. 6–7 for an alternative version.

3.
WJ
, pp. 159–61,
ASC
D 1063 and
ASC
C/D 1065,
JW
1064 records Gruffydd’s death in 1064 but this appears to be an error. Douglas,
William
, pp. 174–5, 178–9.

4.
WJ
, pp. 159–61,
WP
, pp. 100–6 [4–5]. See Table 4 below. Douglas,
William
, pp. 174, 410, Bates,
William
, pp. 40–1.
VER
, p. 79.

5.
VER
, p. 51.

6.
VER
, p. 51, Douglas,
William
, pp. 174–5, Bates,
William
, pp. 41–2.

7. Wilson,
Bayeux
, pp. 201–12 and pl. 17, and Bernstein,
Mystery
, pp. 116–23 and pl. 1.

8. Thus Bosanquet,
Eadmer
, p. 8 and
WJ
, pp. 161, 263 in Orderic Vitalis’ later additions to William’s text. Wilson,
Bayeux
, pl. 17,
DB Buckinghamshire
, 4: 21 for a reference to Harold’s ‘sister’, Aelfgyva.

9. Wilson,
Bayeux
, p. 117, Bernstein,
Mystery
, p. 19, Stenton,
Bayeux
, p. 178.
WJ
, pp. 161, 263 in Orderic Vitalis’ later additions to William’s text. I would reject the opinion that the Aelfgyva scene is merely a reference to a well known scandal, as every other picture in the Tapestry is essential to the story and therefore this one also must be related.

10. Stevenson,
Malmesbury – Before the Conquest
, p. 214. Wilson,
Bayeux
, pls 5–6.

11.
WJ
, p. 161,
WP
, pp. 100–2 [4], Wilson,
Bayeux
, pl. 7.

12. Bosanquet,
Eadmer
, pp. 6–7. A. Williams,
The English and the Norman Conquest
(Woodbridge, 1995), pp. 165–8, R.W. Southern,
St Anselm and his Biographer
(Cambridge, 1963), pp. 229–40 and R.W. Southern,
Saint Anselm: A Portrait in a Landscape
(Cambridge, 1990), pp. 404–21 for Eadmer and Christ Church. Barlow,
English Church
, p. 74 n.1 for the view that it was Aethelric I, an earlier Bishop of Sussex rather than this Aethelric, who supplied Eadmer with his information on St Dunstan. This appears unlikely since this man had died in 1034 and neither Eadmer nor his intermediary Aethelred/Nicholas prior of Worcester (for whom, see E. Mason,
St Wulfstan of Worcester, c. 1008–1095
(Oxford, 1990), pp. 221–22), who died in
c
. 1125 and 1124 respectively, can realistically have met him. Williams,
The English
, p. 159 n.19.

13. Bates,
William
, pp. 61–2, Douglas,
William
, p. 176 and Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 577.

14.
WJ
, p. 165,
WP
, p. 150 [7] and Wilson
Bayeux
, pls 35–7 for the need to construct a fleet and
WP
, p. 148 [6], 156–8 [8] for the barons reluctance to invade and the disparity between the duchy and kingdom.

15.
WJ
, p. 161,
WP
, pp. 100–2 [4] and Wilson,
Bayeux
, pl. 7 for Harold’s capture and
WP
, p. 102 [4] for the prevalence of hostage-taking for ransom among the French.

16.
WJ
, p. 161,
WP
, p. 102 [4] and Wilson,
Bayeux
, pls 10–14,
WP
, p. 102 [4] for the importance of Harold and his reception in Normandy. Douglas,
William
, p. 176 for William’s ‘opportunity’ and Bates,
William
, p. 61 for this ‘masterly stroke’.

17. Wilson,
Bayeux
, pls 18–26, and
WJ
, p. 161,
WP
, pp. 100–14 [5–6] Bosanquet,
Eadmer
, p. 7 for the suggestion that Harold was duped.

18.
WP
, pp. 106–14 [5–6], Wilson,
Bayeux
, pls 18–24 and Douglas,
William
, pp. 177–9.

19. Bosanquet,
Eadmer
, p. 7,
WP
, p. 230 [38] and Stevenson,
Malmesbury – Before the Conquest
, p. 214 all mention this proposed marriage. Chibnall,
Ecclesiastical History
, pp. 119–313 and Douglas,
William
, pp. 174, 410, Bates,
William
, p. 40 for Count Walter. Bates,
William
, p. 61 and Douglas,
William
, p. 177 concede Harold’s danger.
WJ
, p. 161,
WP
, pp. 102–6 [4–5] and Wilson,
Bayeux
, pls 25–6 for the oath.
EHD I
, No. 49, p. 460 for oaths. D. Rollason,
Saints and Relics in Anglo-Saxon England
(Oxford, 1989), p. 191. Swanton,
Three Lives
, p. 100 for Wulfstan.

20.
WJ
, p. 161,
WP
, pp. 102–6 [23], Wilson,
Bayeux
, pls 25–6.

21.
WJ
, p. 161,
WP
, p. 176 [11] for the use of Harold’s perjury as motivation.
WP
, p. 114 [6], Bosanquet,
Eadmer
, p. 6 for Wulfnoth.

22.
WP
, p. 114 [6], Wilson,
Bayeux
, pls 24–5, Bosanquet,
Eadmer
, p. 8 and Stevenson,
Malmesbury – Before the Conquest
, p. 216.

23.
VER
, p. 81 and
WP
, pp. 172 (30) and 148 (26).

24. Stafford,
Unification
, p. 97 for this possibility,
VER
, p. xxiii for the suggestion that this work was compiled in order to justify the succession to power of the Godwine brothers. If this is correct, then the dating of the work around 1064–5 suggests the possibility that the
Vita Eadwardi
itself may also be evidence for this new view on Harold’s part.

25. Wilson,
Bayeux
, pl. 28,
ASC
C/D 1066, Bosanquet,
Eadmer
, p. 8. Wilson,
Bayeux
, pl. 28 shows Edward apparently remonstrating with Harold but as usual leaves us guessing about the reasons.

1.
VER
, p. 59. (By permission of Oxford University Press)

2.
VER
, p. 77.

3. W.E. Kapelle,
The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and its Transformation 1000–1135
(London, 1979), pp. 87–9, Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 571, Barlow,
Edward
, pp. 234–9.

4.
Simeon of Durham – A History of the Church of Durham
, tr. J. Stevenson (Lampeter, 1988), pp. 67–9 for Copsi and his gifts to Durham.
DB Yorkshire
, C36, 6N36 and 23N1, and
DB Lincolnshire
, 36: 3–4 and CK28 for Copsi’s lands. Stevenson,
Simeon: Church of Durham
, pp. 65, 66–7, W.M. Aird, ‘St Cuthbert, the Scots and the Normans’,
Anglo-Norman Studies
, XVI (1994), p. 9 for Durham and the Bishops but Kapelle,
North
, pp. 90, 98 for an alternative view. Stevenson,
Simeon: Kings of England
1059 and 1061 for Tosti and King Malcolm.

5.
VER
, p. 79, Aird, ‘St Cuthbert’, p. 4 n. 20 for Tosti’s justice.
Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis
, ed. J. Stevenson (London, 1841), p. 2 for Tosti and Godwine’s names, later almost obliterated by erasure, possibily after the Conquest. Okasha,
Handlist
, pp. 87–8 for the sundial inscription.

6.
JW
1058 for the Norwegian raid and
DB Yorkshire
, 1L1 for its effect. This devastation might also be due to William’s harrying of the North in 1069–70.
ASC
D 1061,
JW
1061,
VER
, pp. 53–7 for Tosti’s visit to Rome. Stevenson
Simeon: Kings of England
1061 for Malcolm’s raid. There is no real evidence for raids in 1058 or 1059 as mentioned by Kapelle.

7. Kapelle,
North
, pp. 91–4,
VER
, p. 67, Kapelle,
North
, p. 88.

8. Whitelock,
Beginnings
, pp. 44–5, Kapelle,
North
, pp. 17–19 and Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 390 n. 1.
JW
1065, Stevenson,
Simeon: Kings of England
1065 for this incident.
ASW
, No. 121 for Gospatric’s writ. Kapelle,
North
, p. 95.
ASC
C/D 1041, Stevenson,
Simeon – Church of Durham
, pp. 64–5, Kapelle,
North
, p. 25 for Siward.

9.
VER
, pp. 55–7,
ASC
D 1067 and 1069 and Table 13.

10.
ASC
Table 13, Kapelle,
North
, p. 95, MacAirt and MacNiocaill,
Ulster
1054 for Dolfin as son of Thorfinn,
ASW
, No. 121.

11.
JW
1065, Stevenson,
Simeon: Kings of England
1065, Kapelle,
North
, pp. 95–6.

12.
ASC
C/D/E 1065,
JW
1065, Stevenson,
Simeon: Kings of England
1065,
VER
, p. 77, Kapelle,
North
, pp. 96–7 for the low assessment of the northern shires.

13.
DB Yorkshire
entries. Kapelle,
North
, pp. 96–8,
ASC
C 1065 and
VER
, p. 79.

14.
ASC
C/D/E 1065,
VER
, pp. 75–7, Kapelle,
North
, p. 98, P.J. McGurk and J. Rosenthal, ‘The Anglo-Saxon Gospel Books of Judith Countess of Flanders: Their Texts, Make-Up and Function’,
Anglo-Saxon England
, 24 (1995), p. 252.

15.
ASC
C/D/E 1065,
JW
1065.

16. Stafford,
East Midlands
, p. 127,
ASC
Table 13, Kapelle,
North
, pp. 100–1, 108–9 for these men.

17.
VER
, pp. 77, 81 for Tosti as Edward’s favourite.
JW
1066,
WP
, p. 102 [4] for Harold’s position.

18.
ASC
C/D/E 1065,
JW
1065,
VER
, p. 77 for Lincolnshire.
ASW
, Nos 62 and 119 for Northamptonshire and Nottinghamshire. Also Appendix Two for Tosti’s earldom.

19.
ASC
C/D/E 1065,
VER
, pp. 79, 81.

20.
ASC
C 1065,
JW
1065,
VER
, p. 79 all highlight the great efforts made to reach a compromise and the stubbornness of the rebels.

21.
VER
, pp. 79–81. The author, even though sympathetic to Tosti makes clear his opinion that he did not believe the charge.

22.
VER
, pp. xxvi–xxvii, lxii–lxiii.

23. Stafford,
Unification
, p. 97 for this suggestion but Barlow,
Edward
, p. 238 rejects this possibility.

24.
VER
, pp. 81–3,
ASC
D 1065.

25.
ASC
C/D 1065 and
JW
1065. The date of 28 October for this may have been used as it was the date of the council which decided the matter.
VER
, pp. 81–3 for Tosti’s exile following after his expulsion from the earldom.
DB Hertfordshire
, 1: 18 and
DB Bedfordshire
, 54: 3 for the forfeitures.

26.
VER
, pp. 81–3 and
JW
1065,
DB Shropshire
, 3d: 7 for this lawsuit.

27.
VER
, pp. 83, 119, Barlow,
Edward
, pp. 244–5,
WJ
, p. 161,
WP
, p. 146 [6], 100 [4].

28.
WP
, pp. 166–8 [9],
VER
, p. 77, Chibnall,
Ecclesiastical History
, p. 139.