Foundation (History of England Vol 1) (82 page)

pilgrims,
ref 1

Pilgrims Way, The,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Pistor, John,
ref 1

Pius II, Pope,
ref 1

plague: in 540s,
ref 1

see also
Black Death

Plantagenet dynasty: succession,
ref 1

killings,
ref 1

Plautius, Aulus,
ref 1

Pliny the Elder,
ref 1

poems, songs and tales: heroic,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Poitiers, battle of (1356),
ref 1

Poitou,
ref 1

poll tax: introduced (1377),
ref 1

(1380),
ref 1

Poppelau, Nicholas von,
ref 1

population: in Neolithic period,
ref 1

increase in Bronze Age,
ref 1

in Iron Age,
ref 1
,
ref 2

reduced by plague (1540s),
ref 1

towns,
ref 1
,
ref 2
,
ref 3

increase in Henry III’s reign,
ref 1

falls in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries,
ref 1

reduced by Black Death,
ref 1
,
ref 2

portents: and civil unrest,
ref 1

of two kings,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Pounchon, William,
ref 1

Poundbury, Dorset,
ref 1

Prasutagus, King of Iceni,
ref 1

Preseli Hills, south-west Wales,
ref 1

prices: rise under King John,
ref 1

increase under Henry III,
ref 1

rise during harvest failures,
ref 1
,
ref 2

priests
see
parish priests

Princes in the Tower
see
Tower of London

printing,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Procopius of Caesarea,
ref 1

property: inheritance under Normans,
ref 1

legal disputes over,
ref 1

Prophecies of Merlin
,
ref 1

proverbs,
ref 1

public houses,
ref 1

punishment: for crimes,
ref 1

Puttock, Stephen,
ref 1

Pytheas,
ref 1

Quernbetere, Alice,
ref 1

rabbit: introduced to England,
ref 1

Radcot, battle of (1388),
ref 1

Ralph de Crockerlane,
ref 1

Ravenspur, Yorkshire,
ref 1

Redwald, King of the East Angles,
ref 1

Reformation, the,
ref 1

Regenbald, chancellor,
ref 1

Regnenses (tribe),
ref 1

religion: Iron Age,
ref 1

see also
Christianity; Druids

Restitutus, Bishop of London,
ref 1

Rheged (kingdom),
ref 1

Riccardi bankers (of Lucca),
ref 1
,
ref 2

Richard I (Lionheart), King: kingship,
ref 1

and ‘legal memory’,
ref 1

disputes with father and brothers,
ref 1

background and character,
ref 1

coronation,
ref 1

on Third Crusade to Holy Land,
ref 1

captured and ransomed,
ref 1

returns to England and pardons John,
ref 1

and succession,
ref 1

troubled reign,
ref 1

and Jews,
ref 1

Richard II, King: authority,
ref 1
,
ref 2

peaceful nature,
ref 1
,
ref 2

crowned aged ten,
ref 1

confronts Peasants’ Revolt,
ref 1
,
ref 2

appearance and manner,
ref 1
,
ref 2

first marriage (to Anne of Bohemia),
ref 1

campaign against Scots,
ref 1

court and favourites,
ref 1

conflict with parliament,
ref 1
,
ref 2

deposed and reinstated,
ref 1

mediates between Lords and Commons,
ref 1

piety,
ref 1

purges lords,
ref 1

exiles Bolingbroke,
ref 1

halts Bolingbroke–Mowbray duel,
ref 1

second marriage (to Isabella),
ref 1

sails to Ireland,
ref 1

returns to England to oppose Bolingbroke,
ref 1

Bolingbroke negotiates with,
ref 1

renounces throne in favour of Bolingbroke,
ref 1

death and burial,
ref 1
,
ref 2

rumoured survival,
ref 1
,
ref 2

posthumous support for,
ref 1

kills Thomas of Gloucester,
ref 1

Richard III, King (
earlier
Duke of Gloucester): reputation,
ref 1

and Princes in the Tower,
ref 1
,
ref 2

as rumoured murderer of Henry VI,
ref 1

background and service to Edward IV,
ref 1

and succession to throne,
ref 1
,
ref 2
,
ref 3

power in north,
ref 1

and Edward V’s accession,
ref 1

seizes and confines Edward V,
ref 1

appointed Protector,
ref 1

deformed arm,
ref 1

has Hastings executed,
ref 1

claims crown,
ref 1
,
ref 2

crowned,
ref 1

makes circuit of kingdom,
ref 1

appearance and character,
ref 1

rebellions against,
ref 1

rule,
ref 1

piety,
ref 1
,
ref 2

and threat of Henry Tudor,
ref 1

and Henry Tudor’s invasion and campaign,
ref 1

killed at Bosworth Field and bones scattered,
ref 1

Richard of Crudwell,
ref 1

Richard, Duke of York: confined in Tower and murdered,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Perkin Warbeck impersonates,
ref 1

Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King of the Romans (Henry III’s brother),
ref 1
,
ref 2

Richard le Brewer,
ref 1

Riche, Geoffrey,
ref 1

Rivers, Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl,
ref 1
,
ref 2

roads and trackways: prehistoric,
ref 1

pilgrim routes,
ref 1
,
ref 2

development and maintenance,
ref 1

continuity,
ref 1

Robert, Duke of Normandy,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Robert, Earl of Gloucester,
ref 1

Robert of Reading,
ref 1

Robert of Wetherby,
ref 1

Robin Hood,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Robin of Redesdale
see
Conyers, Sir John,
ref 1

Rochester castle,
ref 1

Roger of Hoveden,
ref 1

Roger of Portland,
ref 1

Roger of Wendover,
ref 1

Roland the Farter (jester),
ref 1

Roman Catholicism: Church prevails in England,
ref 1

Rome (ancient): invades and occupies England,
ref 1
,
ref 2
,
ref 3

imperial frontiers,
ref 1
,
ref 2

social and cultural influence in England,
ref 1
,
ref 2

taxation,
ref 1

Christianity in,
ref 1

disputes over imperial power,
ref 1

rule in England ends,
ref 1

Rouen: Henry V besieges,
ref 1

Rous, John:
Historia Regum Angliae
,
ref 1

Rudton, East Yorkshire,
ref 1
,
ref 2

Runnymede, Surrey: Magna Carta signed at,
ref 1

Rye: plundered by French,
ref 1

Saffron Walden,
ref 1

St Albans: first battle of (1455),
ref 1

second battle of (1461),
ref 1

cloister school,
ref 1

saints: and medical cures,
ref 1

English,
ref 1