Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics (171 page)

on foods,
208

on forgiveness of sins,
177
,
177
n.
43

on Hermas,
48

on Jewish Law,
206

and Letter to the Galatians,
160

oath in,
207

on salvation,
187
n.
69

and secretary hypothesis,
218

and 1 Timothy,
373
n.
8

on women in the church,
376
n.
14
,
383
–84

writing style of,
162
,
185

Rome,
241
–42

Rufinus

and criteria for authentication,
142

and De recta in deum fide,
49

on disputed authorship,
75

and falsifications,
64
–65

on falsifications of writings,
63
–64,
120

and forged letters,
83

on Recognitions,
459

on Tertullian,
128

Rufus,
221

Sabbath,
340
–41

Sabellianism,
467
,
471
–72,
473
,
474
,
476
–78

Sachkritik
, theological,
141
–42

Salonius of Geneva,
84
,
94
–96

Salvian of Marseille,
84
,
94
–96,
119
–20,
133
,
548

Samaritan Chronicle II,
24
n.
32

Samuel,
50

1 Samuel,
135
,
545
,
548

Sarpedon,
139

sea-voyage narration conventions,
269
–70,
276

Second Treatise of the Great Seth,
20
,
365
,
406
,
411

secretary hypothesis,
218
–22

for 1 Peter,
248
–49

scholarly perspectives on,
218
n.
50

and writing style differences,
161
,
185

Seneca

and apologetic forgeries,
101

and authority of authors,
85
–86

on Epicurean writings,
107
–8

and literary fictions,
45
,
45
n.
35

and Paul,
1
–2,
101
,
149
,
153
,
520
–27

and secretary hypothesis,
220

Seneca the Elder,
85

separationism,
409

Septuagint,
247

Serapion’s condemnation of Gospel of Peter

and Akhmim fragment,
327

and criteria for authorial authenticity,
90

and docetism charges,
90
,
142
,
324
,
327
,
450

and early orthodox criticism,
150

Eusebius on,
90
–91,
324

and pseudepigraphy charges,
75
,
76

sermons,
75

Seth, books of,
150

Severus Chronicle (Sulpicius Severus),
71

Sextus Emiricus,
135

sexual rituals and deviancies,
20
–21,
22
n.
29

Shem,
404
–6

Shepherd of Hermas

authority of,
120
n.
92

Eusebius on,
32
n.
8
,
48
,
75

and homonymity issue,
48

orthonymous status of,
32
n.
8
,
74
n.
16

Sibyl reference in,
514

on truthfulness,
541
–42

Sibylline Oracles,
508
–19

as apologetic forgeries,
513
–18

as Christian creations,
128
,
512
–13

Christian interpolations of,
510
–12

as counter-forgeries,
518
–19

numbering of,
508

Sibyls,
2
,
508
,
509
–10,
513
–19

Sidon,
71

Silas,
266
,
268

Silvanus,
248
–49,
251
,
251
n.
41
,
254
,
256

Simon (false teacher),
18
,
126
,
349
,
427
–28,
436

Simon Magus,
313
–14,
315
,
315
n.
72
,
316
,
360
,
392

Simon of Cyrene,
546
n.
41

Simon Peter.
See
Peter (apostle)

Simonides,
81

Simplicius,
79

Smyrneans (Ignatius),
420
–21,
462
,
473
,
474
,
477
,
479

Socrates,
53
,
70
,
70
n.
2
,
104
,
135
,
539
–40

Socratic epistles,
44

Solomon,
35
,
40
,
71
,
71
n.
6
,
123
,
264

Solon,
62

Sophia of Jesus Christ,
437

Sophocles,
66
,
103
,
541

Sosicrates of Rhodes,
47
,
70

Sozomen,
447
,
452
n.
133
,
452
–53

Spartans,
100
–101

Spartianus, Pseudo-,
26

Speculum,
440
,
441

speeches,
55
–58

Stephen,
251

Strabo,
62

Strato,
81

Stromateis (Clement),
74
,
76
,
193
,
277
,
418
,
486
,
542
,
543

students of philosophy,
105
,
114
–15,
173
.
See also
philosophical schools, forgery in

style, literary,
138
–39

Suetonius,
48
,
99
,
102
,
108
,
127

suffering

Acts of the Apostles on,
257
–58,
263

Erasmus’s views on,
25

of Jesus,
177
,
255
n.
54
,
257
,
408
–11,
409
n.
3
,
421

Paul’s views on,
255
n.
54
,
259
n.
59

persecution of Christians,
241

1 Peter on,
254
,
255
n.
54
,
256
–59,
259
n.
59
,
483
,
484

Suron King of Tyre,
71

Sybilline Oracles.
See
oracles

Tacitus,
241

Tarsians (Pseudo-Ignatius),
461
,
462
,
469
,
470
–71,
474
,
479

Tatian,
193

techniques of forgers,
121
–28

and deceptive intentions of forgers,
131
–32

first-person narratives,
123

imitation of style,
121
–22

interpolations,
128

material and literary prophylaxes,
127
–28,
131

verisimilitudes,
122
–23

warnings against forgeries,
126
–27

Tel Hum,
245

Temple, destruction of,
242

Tertullian

and Acts of Paul,
132
–33,
379
,
380
,
382
,
383

on Acts of the Apostles,
277

Adversus omnes haereses,
51
,
149

anti-Jewish writings of,
332

on authority of canonical Gospels,
91
,
117
–18,
143
,
188
n.
70

on authorship of gospels,
51
–52

on book of Enoch,
72
,
86
,
140

on fabrications,
59
–60,
60
n.
75
,
76
,
84

on Johannine writings,
423

on Letter to the Laodiceans,
440

on Marcion,
63
,
91
,
492
,
492
n.
23

on martyrs,
508

on Passion of Perpetua,
503
n.
58

and Pastoral epistles,
193

on Pilate,
351

and Pilate cycle works,
358

and Pseudo-Ignatian letters,
461

and Seneca,
527

writing of, interpolated into Cyprian’s work,
120
,
128

testaments,
229
n.
76

Thaddeus,
363

Thales,
81

“The Heroes’ Sons” (Homer),
50

Thecla,
59
,
379
,
379
n.
17
,
380
,
382

Themistogenes,
30

Theodoret,
50
,
461
,
544

Theodosius Augustus,
125

Theodotus,
461

Theogony (Hesiod),
37
,
80

Theophilus

and Acts dedication,
265
,
277
,
482

and criteria for authentication,
90
,
139

on eyewitness testimony,
275

on Sibyls and oracles,
516

Theopompus,
102

Thespis,
12

1 Thessalonians

Acts of the Apostles compared to,
267

as earliest orthonymous writing,
156

eschatological theme of,
151
,
155
,
156
,
163
,
165
,
166
,
169
,
170
,
259
n.
59

and Gospel of Thomas,
232

motivations of Paul,
4
–5

referenced in 2 Thessalonians,
168
–70

2 Thessalonians compared to,
156
–57,
158
n.
10
,
158
–60

and Timothy,
210

writing style of,
162
,
175
–76,
185

2 Thessalonians,
156
–71

authorship of,
33

as counterforgery,
151
,
167
–71,
170
n.
30

as earliest forged writing,
156

eschatological theme of,
152
,
162
–67,
169
,
170
,
262

evidence of forgery in,
157
–58

prophylaxes of,
127

on “Satan,”
185
n.
67

scholarly perspectives on,
4
,
76
,
82
,
156
–57,
158

techniques of forgers in,
33
,
127
,
170
–71,
171
n.
31

theology of,
162
–67

1 Thessalonians compared to,
156
–57,
158
n.
10
,
158
–60

warnings against forgeries in,
24
–25,
127
,
150

writing style of,
160
–62,
175

Thessalus,
116

Thomas (apostle; tax collector),
392

Thomas (brother of Jesus),
230
,
412
–15,
457
,
458
n.
17

Thomas, gospel of,
230
–37

anti-apocalyptic message of,
230
–37

anti-Jewish sentiments of,
338
–44,
344
n.
51

authorship of,
2
,
149

embedded forgery in,
34

eschatological theme of,
152
,
228
,
230
–37

on false teachers,
236
–37

on the flesh,
152
,
415
–18

and Gospel of Luke,
231
n.
77
,
231
–32,
341

and Gospel of Peter,
412

on the Kingdom of God,
231
n.
77
,
231
–32,
235
,
236

Thomas the Contender, Book of,
152
,
412
–15,
413
n.
9
,
418
,
431
,
439

Thucydides,
56
,
58
,
70
n.
2
,
122
n.
95
,
138
,
274

Tiberius

and Abgar Correspondence,
102
,
365
–66

and Acts of Pilate,
352
–53

and Anaphora Pilati,
358
–59

fabrications about,
59
,
60
,
351

and Letter of Pilate to Claudius,
360
,
361

and Sibylline Oracles,
509

Timaeus,
54
,
57
–58,
115
,
270

Timothei ad Ecclesiam Libri IV (Salvian),
94
–96,
119
–20

Timothy

and Colossians’ authorship,
172
,
174