Flags of Our Fathers (50 page)

INTERIOR PHOTO LIST
AND CREDITS

Chapter Openers

1: From the collection of Joseph Bradley

2: From the collection of Geneva Price

3: © Mary Craddock Hoffman

4: © USMC

5: From the collection of Geneva Price

6: © National Archives

7: © National Archives

8: © National Archives

9: © USMC

10: © Dave Severance

11: © National Archives; Louis Lowery, USMC photographer

12: ©
The New York Times

13: © National Archives

14: © C. R. Toburan

15: © AP/Wide World Photos

16: © U.S. Dept. of the Treasury

17: © Edward F. Block, Jr.

18: © USMC, DOD photo

19: ©
The Courier Journal

20: © AP/Wide World Photos

Photo Insert I

Mike Strank, First Communion
(from the collection of Mary Strank Pero)

Franklin Sousley
(from the collection of Geneva Price)

Franklin Sousley’s birthplace
(©
Leatherneck Magazine
)

Rene Gagnon
(from the collection of Rene Gagnon, Jr.)

Ira Hayes and father
(from the collection of Sara Bernal)

Jack Bradley
(from the collection of Elizabeth Bradley)

Harlon Block and brothers
(© Edward F. Block, Jr.)

Jack Bradley and family
(from the collection of Jean Bradley)

Harlon Block, Marine
(from the collection of Catherine Pierce Foster)

Ira Hayes, Marine
(from the collection of Kenny Hayes)

Rene Gagnon, Marine
(from the collection of the Wright Museum)

Jack Bradley, Navy
(from the collection of Elizabeth Bradley)

Franklin Sousley, Marine
(from the collection of Geneva Price)

Mike Strank in camouflage
(from the collection of Mary Strank Pero)

Photo Insert 2

Harlon Block
(from the collection of Edward F. Block, Jr.)

Ralph Ignatowski
(from the collection of Ruth Ignatowski Gaura)

Franklin Sousley and mother
(from the collection of Geneva Price)

Jack Bradley, Camp Tarawa, Hawaii
(© L. B. Holly)

Ira Hayes, Guadalcanal
(© Robert Mueller)

Ira Hayes, paratrooper
(© National Archives)

Iwo Jima, 1945
(photo by E. W. “Bill” Peck, from the collection of Carol Peck Sanders)

To the beaches
(© National Archives)

Amphibious landing units
(© National Archives)

U.S. Marines land
(© National Archives)

Howlin’ Mad Smith
(© National Archives)

Rifleman on Suribachi
(© National Archives)

First flagraising
(© National Archives; Louis Lowery, USMC photographer)

First flag down
(© National Archives; Louis Lowery, USMC photographer)

Rosenthal photo cropped
(© AP/Wide World Photos)

Rosenthal photo horizontal
(© AP/Wide World Photos)

Gung Ho
(© AP/Wide World Photos)

Photo Insert 3

The boys and Truman
(from the collection of Mark Bradley)

A smoke in Soldier Field
(from the collection of Kathleen Bradley)

The boys in Times Square
(from the collection of Fred Walcsak)

The “Gold Star” mothers
(from the collection of Mary Strank Pero)

Doc Bradley and Rene Gagnon with Lockheed Girls
(from the collection of Marge Abrahamson)

Harlon Block funeral cortege
(from the collection of Leo Ryan)

Ira Hayes and parents
(from the collection of Sara Bernal)

Rene Gagnon and family
(from the collection of the Wright Museum)

John Bradley wedding photo
(from the collection of Elizabeth Bradley)

Pauline and Rene Gagnon
(from the collection of the Wright Museum)

John Wayne and John Bradley
(from the collection of Elizabeth Bradley)

John Wayne hands flag
(© USMC, DOD photo)

Felix de Weldon sculpts Rene Gagnon
(from the collection of Elizabeth Bradley)

De Weldon with the boys
(© UPI/Corbis-Bettmann)

USMC Memorial
(© James Bradley)

Nixon with the boys
(© AP/Wide World Photos)

Ira Hayes in jail
(© AP/Wide World Photos)

Rene Gagnon
(© AP/Wide World Photos)

John Bradley Memorial Day parade
(©
Antigo Daily Journal
)

Iwo Jima today
(© Marty Block)

James Bradley and family atop Suribachi
(© Joseph Bradley)

Bradley family in bunker
(© Joseph Bradley)

Inside Cover Photos

Large flagraising photo (© AP/Wide World Photos)

Six frames of the flagraising (© USMC; Bill Genaust, photographer)

NOTES

Two: All-American Boys

But as he later wrote
Henry Dobyns and Frank W. Porter III, gen. ed., The North American Indian Series,
The Pima-Maricopa
(New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989), 31.

Three: America’s War

Youth magazines carried
Saburo Ienaga,
The Pacific War: ACritical Perspective on Japan’s Role in World War II
(New York: Random House, 1978), 30.

“
It was commonplace for teachers”
Iris Chang,
The Rape ofNanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
(New York: Basic Books, 1997), 31.

Everyone scrambled to be of help
Gerald F. Linderman,
The World Within War: America’s Combat Experience in World War II
(Boston: Harvard University Press, 1999), 91.

In less than a month
Chang,
The Rape of Nanking.

“They were expendable”
Ienaga,
The Pacific War,
52.

“We’d give each”
Holland M. Smith and Percy Finch,
Coral and Brass
(Nashville, TN: The Battery Press, Inc., 1989), 193.
Note:
This is my favorite book on the Pacific war.

Aware that the American individualistic ethic
Linderman,
The World Within War,
187.

When a recruit named Eugene Sledge
E. B. Sledge,
With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 5.
Note:
Sledge’s book is generally considered the best infantryman’s account of the Pacific war.

“This is my rifle”
Richard Wheeler,
Iwo
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 45.
Note:
If you read one book about the battle of Iwo Jima, this is the one. Also by Wheeler,
The Bloody Battle for Suribachi
is, I feel, the best book on the battle for Mount Suribachi. Mr. Wheeler served in Easy Company with the flagraisers, in the same platoon as Doc Bradley.

All militaries harden their recruits
Thomas E. Ricks,
Making the Corps
(New York: Scribner, 1997), 19.

Four: Call of Duty

His early letters home
Ira Hayes’s letters are printed here courtesy of his brother, Kenny Hayes.

“He went from brown”
Albert Hemingway,
Ira Hayes: Pima Marine
(Lanham, MD: University Press of America, Inc., 1988), 12.

“Never had men”
John C. Chapin, Cpt., USMC,
Top of the Ladder,
Marines in WWII Commemorative Series, Marine Corps Historical Center.

“From seven o’clock”
John A. Monks Jr.,
A Ribbon and a Star: The Third Marines at Bougainville
(New York: Holt and Co., 1945).

“the closest thing to a living hell”
Eric Bergerud,
Touched with Fire: The Land War in the South Pacific
(New York: Penguin Books, 1997), 66.
Note:
I consider this to be the best book on the land war in the Pacific.

“steak and eggs”
Chapin,
Top of the Ladder,
3.

“Though we spent”
Hemingway,
Ira Hayes,
28.

That night Ira’s childhood
Ibid., 32.

“As I slowly headed”
James S. Vedder,
Combat Surgeon: Up Front with the 27
Marines
(Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1984), 198.

“‘leap off the deep end’”
Joseph H. Alexander,
Storm Landings: Epic Amphibious Battles in the Central Pacific
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997), 45.
Note:
Retired Marine Col. Alexander is the acknowledged expert on amphibious assaults.

“toughest of all military operations”
Robert Sherrod,
Tarawa: The Story of a Battle
(Fredericksburg, TX: Admiral Nimitz Foundation, 1986), 67.
Note:
This is one of the finest books written about the Pacific war by one of the bravest correspondents in that war.

It would be forty-four years
Alexander,
Storm Landings,
53.

“The pillbox is forty feet long”
Sherrod,
Tarawa,
133.

Looking at these Japanese defenses
Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass,
8–9.

A grief-stricken General Smith
Sherrod,
Tarawa,
139.

Five: Forging the Spearhead

“a huge hunk of green jade”
Charles W. Tatum,
Iwo Jima:Red Blood, Black Sand: Pacific Apocalypse
(Stockton, CA: Charles W. Tatum Publishing, 1995), 79.

A local woman, a cook
“Camp Tarawa, 1998,”
LeatherneckMagazine,
July 1998.

“There were no saddles”
Hemingway,
Ira Hayes,
47.

Harlon wrote his mother a letter
Harlon Block’s letters are printed here courtesy of his sister Maurine Block Mitchell.

Six: Armada

“The Seventh Air Force dropped”
Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass,
243.

“We thought it would blast”
Ibid.

“The prolonged aerial bombardment”
Ibid.

These tactics would capitalize
Alexander,
Storm Landings,
110.

“Fukkaku positions”
Ibid.

“due to limitations on the availability of ships”
Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass,
244.

“I regret this confusion”
Ibid., 248.

“The cost in Marines killed”
Ibid.

“Though weather has”
Bill D. Ross,
Iwo Jima—Legacy of Valor
(New York: The Vanguard Press, 1985), 54.

“If the Marines”
Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass,
245.

“Even though you”
Ross,
Iwo Jima,
33.

As Easy Company
Ibid., 44–47.

“But no man who saw Tarawa”
Sherrod,
Tarawa,
149.

Nine: D-Day Plus Two

Lieutenant Keith Wells would later
John Keith Wells,
GiveMe Fifty Marines Not Afraid to Die
(Abilene, KS: Ka-Well Enterprises, 1995), 207.

“I just thought”
Ibid., 213.

Wheeler dived into a crater
Richard Wheeler,
The BloodyBattle for Suribachi
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 112–113.

Ten: D-Day Plus Three

“Suribachi’s fallen,” he moaned
Wheeler,
Iwo,
168.

Eleven: “So Every Son of a Bitch…”

Rosenthal, covering the invasion
All Joe Rosenthal information about the flagraising is taken from “The Picture That Will Live Forever,”
Collier’s Magazine,
February 18, 1955.

“Colonel Johnson wants this”
Wheeler,
Iwo,
161.

Twelve: Myths

“My twenty-first birthday”
Wheeler,
Iwo,
186.

Thirteen: “Like Hell with the Fire Out”

By this point in the campaign
Wheeler,
Iwo,
220.

“The Marines were now being required”
Ibid., 203.

“Who does the admiral”
Tedd Thomey,
Immortal Images: APersonal History of Two Photographers and the Flag Raising onIwo Jima
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1996), 18.

Fourteen: Antigo

Indeed, in his only interview
Interview transcript courtesy of Arnold Shapiro Productions, Inc.

Seventeen: A Conflict of Honor

In the dim predawn light
Paul W. Tibbets,
Flight of the EnolaGay
(Columbus, OH: Mid-Coast Marketing, 1989), 216–219.

Twenty: Common Virtue

My father answers the interviewer’s
Interview transcript courtesy of Arnold Shapiro Productions, Inc.