Fields of Blood (105 page)

Levi,
4.1
,
4.2

Leviathan (Israelite chaos-monster),
4.1
,
4.2
,
9.1

Leviathan
(Hobbes)

Levinger, Moshe,
11.1
,
11.2

Lewis, Taylor

Libanius

Liberation Theology,
11.1
,
11.2

libertas,
8.1
,
8.1
,
8.2
,
8.3
,
8.4

Libya,
4.1
,
12.1

Life of St. Gerald of Aurillac
(Odo, abbot of Cluny)

Likud party, Israeli

Limoges (France)

Lincoln, Abraham,
10.1
,
10.2

Lincoln (England)

Li Si (prime minister of Qi) 97,
3.1
,
3.2
,
3.3

Liu Bang

Liu Xiang

Livni, Menachem

Locke, John,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
10.1
,
10.2
,
10.3
,
aft.1

Logos,
5.1
,
6.1
,
6.2
; Incarnation of,
6.3

Lombards

Lombardy

London (England),
itr.1
,
8.1
,
9.1
,
9.2
,
10.1
,
11.1
,
13.1
,
aft.1

Lord’s Prayer

Lord’s Supper,
5.1
,
10.1

Lot

Louis VII, King of France

Louis IX, King of France

Louis XVI, King of France

Louvre museum (Paris)

Lu (Chinese principality),
3.1
; Duke of,
3.2

Luke, Saint,
5.1
,
5.2
,
aft.1

Lupercalia

Luther, Martin,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
10.1

Lutheran League

Lutherans,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
9.4
,
9.5
,
10.1

Luxor (Egypt), massacre of tourists in

Lyell, Charles,
10.1
,
10.2

Lyons (France),
5.1
,
5.2
,
10.1

Maccabees

Macedonia

MacGregor, Neil

Madison, James

Madrid (Spain),
aft.1
; train bombing in,
13.1

Magadha (India),
2.1
,
2.2

Magyars

Mahabharata,
2.1
,
12.1
,
aft.1

Mahavira,
see
Jnatraputra, Vardhamana

Mahdi (Sudan)

Mahmud, Sultan

Mainz (Germany),
8.1
,
8.2

Majlis

Malacca Straits

Malaysia

Mamluks,
7.1
,
8.1
,
10.1

Mamre (Canaan)

Manasseh, King of Judah,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3

Manicheanism

Mansfeld, Ernst von

Manzikert, Battle of

Marcourt, Antoine

Mardin (Turkey)

Marduk,
1.1
,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3
,
11.1

Mark, gospel of,
5.1
,
5.2

Maronite Christians,
12.1
,
12.2
,
12.3
,
13.1

Marseilles (France)

Marshal, General S. L. A.

Martel, Charles,
7.1
,
8.1
,
8.2

Martha

Martin V, Pope

martyrs,
10.1
,
12.1
,
12.2
,
12.3
; Christian,
5.1
,
5.2
,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3
, 204,
8.1
,
8.2
,
9.1
; Muslim,
7.1
,
11.1
,
11.2
,
12.4
,
12.5
,
12.6
,
12.7
,
12.8
,
13.1
,
13.2
(
see also
suicide attacks)

Maruts (storm gods)

Marxism,
10.1
,
11.1
,
11.2
,
11.3

Mary (Jesus’s mother),
5.1
,
6.1

Mary (sister of Lazarus)

Mary I, Queen of England,
9.1
,
9.2

Mashhad (Iran)

Massachusetts, colonial

Mater et Magistra
(Pope John XXIII)

Mathura (India)

Matthew, gospel of

Matthias

Maududi, Abul Ala,
11.1
,
11.2
,
13.1
,
13.2

Maurice, Byzantine emperor

Mauryan Empire,
2.1
,
2.2

Maxentius

Maxim guns

Maximian, Roman emperor

Maximianus Daia, Roman emperor,
5.1
,
5.2

Maximilian, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximus (“the Confessor”)

Mazda, Ahura (Lord Wisdom),
1.1
,
1.2

McVeigh, Timothy

Mecca (Arabia),
7.1
,
7.2
,
7.3
,
7.4
,
9.1
,
11.1
,
13.1
,
13.2
,
aft.1

Media

Medina (Arabia),
7.1
,
7.2
,
7.3
,
7.4
,
7.5
,
11.1
,
13.1
,
13.2

Megiddo, ancient fortress of,
4.1
,
4.2

Melkites

Mencius,
itr.1
,
itr.2
,
3.1
,
3.2
,
3.3

Mencken, H. L.

mercenaries,
8.1
,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3

merchant class,
2.1
,
2.2
;
see also
bourgeoisie

Mercury, Saint

Merneptah, Pharoah

Merton, Thomas

Merum (Phrygia)

Mesha, King of Moab

Mesoamericans

Mesopotamia
,
itr.1
,
1.1
,
1.2
; ancient cities in,
1.3
,
1.4
; aristocracy of,
1.5
; Christianity in,
6.1
; climate of,
1.6
; Muslims in,
7.1
,
7.2
,
8.1
; traditional religions of,
itr.2
,
1.7
,
1.8
,
4.1
;
see also specific empires, peoples, and states

Metacom, Chief of the Wampanoag (“King Philip”)

Methodists

Mexico

Michael, Archangel,
5.1
,
8.1

Michael the Syrian

Michelet, Jules

Middle East,
itr.1
,
1.1
,
1.2
,
4.1
,
11.1
,
11.2
; absolute monarchies in,
9.1
; ancient sacred geography of,
11.3
; Christian crusaders in,
see
Crusades
; colonial period in,
11.4
; fiction of conquest
in,
4.2
; Islamic wars of expansion in,
7.1
; mythical and cultural consciousness of,
4.3
; pastoralists of,
1.3
; secular modernity in,
11.5
,
11.6
; social organization of,
6.1
; structural violence of,
1.4
; symbolic weight of temples in,
5.1
; traditional cosmogony of,
4.4
; treaties between former enemies in,
4.5
; Western domination of,
10.1
,
13.1
,
13.2
;
see also specific countries, nation states, and regions

Midian (Arabia),
4.1
,
4.2

Milestones
(Qutb),
11.1
,
12.1

Mill, John Stuart

Milosevic, Slobodan,
13.1
,
13.2

Milton, John

Mina, University of

Minié rifles,
10.1
,
10.2

Minorca

Mirabeau, Honoré

Mishnah

Mississippi River

Mitanni,
1.1
,
4.1

Mithra (
Sanskrit:
Mitra),
1.1
,
1.2
,
2.1

Modarris, Ayatollah

modernity,
itr.1
,
itr.2
,
1.1
,
11.1
; colonialism and,
10.1
,
11.2
; industrialized,
10.2
,
10.3
; religious responses to,
9.1
,
9.2
,
10.4
,
10.5
,
10.6
,
11.3
,
11.4
,
11.5
,
11.6
,
11.7
,
11.8
,
11.9
,
12.1
,
13.1
; secularism and,
itr.3
,
10.7
,
10.8
,
11.10
,
11.11
,
aft.1
(
see also
Enlightenment
); violence generated by,
8.1
,
8.2
,
11.12
,
11.13
,
12.2
,
aft.2
,
aft.3
(
see also
terrorism
)

Moghul Empire
,
8.1
,
9.1
,
10.1
,
10.2
,
11.1
,
11.2
,
aft.1

monarchy,
2.1
,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3
,
5.1
,
7.1
; absolute,
see
absolute monarchies
; attacks on,
9.1
; constitutional,
9.2
; monotheism and,
6.1
; papal,
8.1
,
8.2
,
aft.1
;
see also names of sovereigns

Mongolia,
1.1
,
11.1

Mongols,
8.1
,
10.1
,
12.1
,
13.1
,
aft.1
, 396

monks
: Buddhist,
2.1
,
2.2
,
9.1
,
aft.1
; Christian,
itr.1
,
itr.2
,
6.1
,
6.2
,
6.3
,
7.1
,
8.1
,
8.2
,
8.3
,
13.1
,
13.2
,
aft.2
,
aft.3
(
see also specific orders
); Jain,
2.3

Monophysitism,
6.1
,
7.1

monotheism,
itr.1
,
4.1
,
4.2
,
5.1
,
7.1
,
10.1
; embeddedness of politics in,
4.3
,
5.2
; intolerance and,
itr.2
,
4.4
,
4.5

Montastruc (France)

Montezuma

Montmorencies,
9.1
,
9.2

Moral Majority,
11.1
,
11.2

More, Thomas,
9.1
,
9.2
,
9.3
,
9.4

Moriscos,
9.1
,
9.2

Morocco

Moses,
itr.1
,
4.1
,
4.2
,
4.3
,
4.4
,
4.5
,
6.1
,
8.1
,
10.1

Mossad

Mot

Mother Goddess,
itr.1
,
1.1
,
1.2
,
1.3
,
11.1

Mount Hira,
7.1
,
9.1

Mount of Olives

Mount Sinai,
4.1
,
4.2

Mozi,
3.1
,
3.2

Muawiyyah

Mubarak, Hosni,
12.1
,
13.1
,
13.2

Muhammad, Prophet,
7.1
,
7.2
,
10.1
,
10.2
,
11.1
,
12.1
,
13.1
,
13.2
,
13.3
; ahadith of,
see
ahadith; at Battle of Khaybar
,
7.3
,
12.2
; death of,
7.4
,
7.5
; imitation of,
7.6
,
13.4
; enemies of,
7.7
; customary practice of,
7.8
,
nts.1
n82; nonviolent policy of,
7.9
,
7.10
,
11.2
; pristine Islam of,
8.1
,
10.3
,
13.5
; revelation of Quran to,
7.11
,
7.12
; reverence for descendants of,
7.13
,
nts.2
n83 (
see also names of descendants
); structural violence opposed by,
9.1
; successors of,
7.14
,
7.15

Muhammad Ali,
11.1
,
11.2

Muharram, month of

mujahidin,
12.1
,
13.1
,
13.2
,
13.3
,
13.4

Mujama al-Islamiya,
12.1
,
12.2

Münster (Germany),
9.1
,
nts.1
n43

Musaddiq, Muhammad,
11.1
,
11.2

Musharraf, Pervez

Muslim Brotherhood
,
11.1
,
12.1
,
12.2
,
12.3
,
13.1
,
aft.1
,
nts.1
n52