Experiment Eleven (42 page)

209
“four original experiments”
“Historic Hand-written Notes ...” Rutgers News Service, July 1, 1953.

209
“Four pages”
“Smithsonian Gets Waksman Articles,”
New York Times
, July 4, 1953.

213
“devotion to science”
“Ten Outstanding Young Men,” United States Junior Chamber of Commerce awards ceremony, Seattle, January 23, 1954, SAW, box 14, 48.

213
under the headline
Maura Devlin, “Schatz, Streptomycin Discoverer, Is Honored,”
Bergen Evening Record
, January 14, 1954.

213
“gross exaggeration”
Wallace Moreland to United States Junior Chamber of Commerce judges, telegram, January 1953, SAW, box 14, 8.

213
“wide open door”
Russell Watson to Selman Waksman, February 10, 1954, box 14, 6.

214
literally “loved to do”
Albert Schatz to Milton Wainwright, undated, MW.

214
copper mosses
Albert Schatz, “Copper Mosses: Speculations on the Ecology and Photosynthesis of the Copper Mosses,”
Bryologist
58 (June 1955).

214
“offer was gone”
Vivian Schatz, author interview, November 8, 2008.

215
“intellectualize”
Albert Schatz to Milton Wainwright, undated, 1989, MW.

215
challenged the fertilizer companies
Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird,
Secrets of the Soil
(New York: Harper and Row, 1989), 116.

215
celery farm
Vivian Schatz, author interview, November 8, 2008. Also see Albert Schatz to Doris Jones, March 21, 1951, MW.

216
William Wightman, a lecturer in the history
The Growth of Scientific Ideas
(Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd, 1950).

216
“a double act of folly”
William Wightman to Dr. J. J. Martin, June 5, 1955, AS.

216
“no better in these matters”
W. I. B. Beveridge to Dr. J. J. Martin, April 14, 1955, AS personal archive.

216
“collaborators”
W. I. B. Beveridge,
The Art of Scientific Investigation: An Entirely Fresh Approach to the Intellectual Adventure of Scientific Research
(New York: Vintage Books, 1957), 195.

217
“had to keep that quiet”
Vivian Schatz, author interview, November 8, 2008. Albert Schatz was elected an Academic Member of the University of Chile, but resigned in 1973 after the assassination of the socialist President Salvador Allende and Chile's takeover in a coup by the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. “My self-respect and sense of human decency compel me to submit my resignation,” he wrote. Albert Schatz to Raúl Bazan, December 23, 1973, AS.

218
blistering attack
Albert Schatz, “Some Personal Reflections on the Discovery of Streptomycin,”
Pakistan Dental Review
15, no. 4 (1965): 125–34.

219
“unfortunate”
“Great Boon, Sad Story,” editorial,
Passaic Herald-News,
November 2, 1965.

219
eight-page article
S. A. Waksman, “A Quarter Century of the Antibiotic Era,”
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
(1965): 1–19.

219
forty-eight “selected” scientific articles
Scientific Contributions of S. A. Waksman: Selected Articles Published in Honor of His 80th Birthday, July 22, 1968
, ed. H. Boyd Woodruff (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1969).

220
included Waksman's acceptance speech
Boyd Woodruff, author interview, September 21, 2011.

220
“principal discoverer”
“Selman A. Waksman, Nobel Prizewinner, Dies,”
New York Times
, August 17, 1973, 1.

221
half a day
Boyd Woodruff to Hubert Lechevalier, October 28, 1981, HL.

221
“strictly a manager of research”
Hubert Lechevalier to Boyd Woodruff, October 19, 1981, HL.

221
“really interested him”
Hubert Lechevalier to Boyd Woodruff, November 4, 1981, HL.

221
“systematic development”
Roland Hotchkiss, “Selman Abraham Waksman, July 22, 1888–August 16, 1973,”
Biographical Memoirs, The National Academy Press
83 (2003): 321–39.

221
“really important discovery”
Bernard Davis, “Two Perspectives on René Dubos, and on Antibiotic Actions,” in Carol Moberg and Zanvil Cohn, eds.,
Launching the Antibiotic Era: Personal Accounts of the Discovery and Use of the First Antibiotics
(New York: The Rockefeller University Press, 1990), 72.

221
most concise, comparative
Hubert Lechevalier, “The Search for Antibiotics at Rutgers University,” in
The History of Antibiotics: A Symposium
, ed. John Parascandola (Madison, WI: American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, 1980), 116.

223
young British lecturer
Milton Wainwright, author interview, January 27, 2009.

223
“major, if largely overlooked scandal”
Milton Wainwright, “Selman A. Waksman and the Streptomycin Controversy,”
Society for General Microbiology Quarterly
15, no. 4 (1988): 90–92.

223
former student
Hubert Lechevalier to Albert Schatz, December 24, 1992, AS.

224
“stopped long ago”
Albert Schatz to Doris Jones, July 25, 1983, AS.

224
recorded their conversation
Albert Schatz interviewed by Milton Wainwright, February 18, 1989.

227
“make peace with”
Albert Schatz to Milton Wainwright, December 18, 1989, MW.

227
first popular account
Milton Wainwright,
Miracle Cure: The Story of Penicillin and the Golden Age of Antibiotics
(Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1990).

227
“all the more tragic”
Wainwright,
Miracle Cure
, 137.

227
“met with a blanket”
Milton Wainwright, joint interview with Albert Schatz by Jay Ingram,
Quirks and Quarks,
CBC, October 13, 1990.

228
three-page article
Marguerite Smolen, “A Nobel Quest,”
Rutgers Magazine
, Winter 1992, 43–45.

228
Wainwright's two articles
Society for General Microbiology Quarterly
15, no. 4 (1988) and “Streptomycin: Discovery and Resultant Controversy,”
History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
13 (1991): 97–124.

228
a new book
Frank Ryan,
Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told
(Bromsgrove, UK: Swift, 1992), 209–23.

228
three letters
Albert Schatz, letter to the editor,
Rutgers Magazine
, February 4, 5, and 6, 1993, AS.

229
“errors and omissions”
Lori Chambers to Albert Schatz, February 23, 1992, AS.

229
Smithsonian
Ken Chowder, “How TB Survived Its Own Death to Confront Us,”
Smithsonian
, November 1992, 180–94.

229
“complete distortion”
Albert Schatz to Don Moser, editor,
Smithsonian
, December 10, 1992 (not published), AS.

229
Doris Jones also wrote
Doris Jones, letter to the editor,
Smithsonian
, January 12, 1993, AS.

229
in a letter
Douglas Eveleigh, letter to editor,
Smithsonian
, January 1993.

230
“At first he wouldn't go”
Vivian Schatz, author interview, November 8, 2008.

230
“Let's get this over with”
Vivian Schatz, author interview, November 8, 2008.

230
flyer for the lecture
Biotechnology Club of Cook College, flyer, April 22, 1993, AS.

230
“It's amazing”
Albert Schatz, “A Lifetime of Research” transcript, April 22, 1993, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, AS personal archive.

230
“We got a kick out of that”
Vivian Schatz, author interview, November 8, 2008.

230
“worldwide impact”
Francis Lawrence, Rutgers Medal ceremony, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, April 28, 1994.

230
one local headline
“Overlooked Pioneer Finally Gets His Due,”
North Jersey Herald & News
, April 29, 1994.

230
receives overdue honors
Jeannine DeFoe,
The Daily Targum
, April 29, 1994.

231
“an intentional grab for glory”
Kitta McPherson, “Rutgers Will Honor a Snubbed Drug Pioneer,”
Newark Star-Ledger
, April 25, 1994.

231
Sciences
Karl Maramorosch, letter to the editor,
Sciences
, January/February 1994.

231
“cruel law”
Mark Ernest and John Sbarboro, letter to the editor,
The Sciences
, January/February 1994.

231
his personal view
Byron Waksman, letter to the editor,
The Sciences
, May/June 1994.

232
if his own contribution had been included
Albert Schatz to Smithsonian Institution, June 28, 1973, SA, Record Unit 613, box 320, 10.

232
list of Waksman's items
S. Dillon Ripley to Albert Schatz, October 6, 1975, SA, Record Unit 613.

234
“absolutely no doubt”
Milton Wainwright to Smithsonian, copy, February 20, 1991, MW.

234
“thoroughly enjoyed”
Patricia Gossel, curator to Albert Schatz, July 26, 1996, AS personal archive.

235
threaten efforts
M. D. Iseman, “Tuberculosis Therapy: Past, Present and Future,”
European Respiratory Journal
20, no. 36 (2002): 87s–94s.

235
[
microbes] communicate
Paul Williams, Klaus Winzer, Weng Chang and Miguel Camara, “Look Who's Talking: Communication and Quorum Sensing in the Bacterial World,”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
362 (2007): 1119–1134. See also Grace Yim, Helena Huimi Wang, and Julian Davies, “Antibiotics as Signaling Molecules,”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
362 (2007): 1195–1200.

236
artificial environments
Julian Davies, “Where Have All the Antibiotics Gone?”
Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology
17, no. 5 (2006): 287–90.

236
“sleeping genes”
David Hopwood, “An Introduction to the Actinobacteria,”
Microbiology Today
(May 2007): 60–62.

PETER PRINGLE
is the author and coauthor of ten previous books on science and politics, including
Food Inc.
, the bestselling
Those Are Real Bullets: Bloody Sunday, Derry, 1972
, and a mystery-thriller about food and patents,
Day of the Dandelion
. For thirty years, he was a foreign correspondent working for British newspapers, including the
Sunday Times
, the
Observer
, and the
Independent
, in Africa, the Middle East, Europe, the former Soviet Union, and the United States. He has also written for the
New York Times
, the
Washington Post
, the
Atlantic
, and the
New Republic
. He is a graduate of Oxford University and a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London. He lives in New York City and the Adirondacks.

Food, Inc.
The Murder of Nikolai Vavilov
Day of the Dandelion
Cornered: Big Tobacco at the Bar of Justice

Those Are Real Bullets
(with Philip Jacobson)
S.I.O.P.
(with William Arkin)
The Nuclear Barons
(with James Spigleman)