Burning Down the House : The End of Juvenile Prison (9781595589668) (55 page)

  
84
  
In Mississippi guards ripped the clothing from suicidal girls
: Annie E. Casey Foundation, “Systemic or Recurring Maltreatment in Juvenile Corrections Facilities: State-by-State Summary,” n.d., p. 8,
www.aecf.org/OurWork/JuvenileJustice/~/media/Pubs/Topics/Juvenile%20Justice/Detention%20Reform/NoPlaceForKids/SystemicorRecurringMaltreatmentinJuvenileCorrectionsFacilities.pdf
.

  
84
  
forced to eat their own vomit
: Ralph F. Boyd Jr., “Re: CRIPA Investigation of Oakley and Columbia Training Schools in Raymond and Columbia, Mississippi: A Letter to Governor Ronnie Musgrove,” June 19, 2003,
i.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2008/images/04/01/oak.colu.miss.findinglet.pdf
.

  
84
  
In Arkansas, young people were left naked in solitary
: Annie E. Casey Foundation, “Systemic or Recurring Maltreatment,” p. 1.

  
84
  
“Of these, 1,343 instances of abuse”
: Holbrook Mohr, “AP: 13K Claims of Abuse in Juvenile Detention Since '04,”
USA Today
, March 2, 2008, cited in Richard A. Mendel,
No Place for Kids: The Case for Reducing Juvenile Incarceration
(Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2011), p. 6,
www.aecf.org/~/media/Pubs/Topics/Juvenile%20Justice/Detention%20Reform/NoPlaceForKids/JJ_NoPlaceForKids_Full.pdf
.

  
84
  
Fifty-seven lawsuits
: Ibid.

  
85
  
A review of all fifty states
: Ibid., p. 7.

  
85
  
incarcerated youth do not forfeit their human rights
: U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Special Litigation, “Rights of Juveniles,”
www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/juveniles.php
.

  
86
  
public displays of outrage and official commitments to change
: Mendel,
No Place for Kids
, p. 5.

  
86
  
a range of mechanisms of assault
: ABC 7, “Jail Cell Justice,” Number 16370, Investigative Reporters and Editors, February 1999,
www.ire.org/resource-center/stories/16370/
.

  
86
  
The restraint chair
: Specially designed restraint chairs, fitted out with cuffs and straps to immobilize the occupant, have been involved in several deaths behind bars and in several lawsuits. See Ann-Marie Cusac, “The Devil's Chair,”
The Progressive
, April 2000,
progressive.org/mag_cusacchair
.

  
87
  
Witnessing violence can also have long-term effects
: See, e.g., “Understanding Child Trauma,” National Child Traumatic Stress Network,
www.nctsn.org/resources/audiences/parents-caregivers/understanding-child-traumatic-stress
;
“The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children,” Domestic Violence Roundtable,
www.domesticviolenceroundtable.org/effect-on-children.html
; Erica J. Adams, “Healing Invisible Wounds: Why Investing in Trauma-Informed Care for Children Makes Sense,” Justice Policy Institute, Spring 2010,
www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/10-07_REP_HealingInvisibleWounds_JJ-PS.pdf
.

  
88
  
dozens of youths went to the hospital
: Fox Butterfield, “Hard Time: A Special Report: Profits at a Juvenile Prison Come with a Chilling Cost,”
New York Times
, July 15, 1998.

  
92
  
“It is common practice”
:
Farrell v. Harper
, “Amended Complaint for Injunctive and Declaratory Relief,” Superior Court for the State of California, County of Alameda, p. 5,
www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs//files/02/39/33/f023933/public/JI-CA-0013-0001.pdf
.

  
92
  
Outside sources corroborate Will's account
: Jenifer Warren, “Youth Prison System Unsafe, Unhealthful, Reports Find,”
Los Angeles Times
, February 3, 2004.

  
92
  
California law permits the use of chemical weapons
:
Farrell v. Harper
.

  
92
  
272 youths were sprayed with chemical weapons
: Warren, “Youth Prison System Unsafe.”

  
93
  
“for extended periods of time”
:
Farrell v. Harper
.

  
95
  
Vincent Schiraldi
: All quotations from author's interview with Vincent Schiraldi in his New York office, March 28, 2012.

  
95
  
His signal achievement there was closing down the District's Oak Hill Youth Center
: John Kelly, “Three Candidates for OJJDP,”
Youth Today
, January 28, 2009,
www.youthtoday.org/view_blog.cfm?blog_id=82
.

  
95
  
$46 million New Beginnings Youth Development Center
: Cherie Saunders, “Maya Angelou Academy for DC Juveniles to Be Featured on NBC's Rock Center,”
The Examiner
, July 2, 2012,
www.examiner.com/article/maya-angelou-academy-for-dc-juveniles-to-be-featured-on-nbc-s-rock-center
.

  
98
  
acting from their “frontal lobes”
: Richard Knox, “The Teen Brain: It's Just Not Grown Up Yet,” NPR, March 1, 2010,
www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124119468
.

  
99
  
“The opposite of faith is not heresy”
: Elie Wiesel, “On Indifference,”
US News & World Report
, October 27, 1986.

  
99
  
eleven thousand young people engage in suicidal behavior in juvenile facilities
: Barry Holman and Jason Ziedenberg, “The Dangers of Detention: The Impact of Incarcerating Youth in Detention and Other Secure Facilities,” Justice Policy Institute, 2006, p. 9,
www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/06-11_REP_DangersOfDetention_JJ.pdf
.

102
  
“What is abnormal”
: “Oprah Talks to Elie Wiesel”
O, The Oprah Magazine
, November 2000,
www.oprah.com/omagazine/Oprah-Interviews-Elie-Wiesel/1
.

6. An Open Secret: Sexual Abuse Behind Bars

104
  
Review Panel on Prison Rape
: Allan J. Beck, Paige M. Harrison, and Paul Guerino, “Special Report: Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008–2009,” U.S. Department of Justice, January 2010,
www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svjfry09.pdf
.

104
  
Sexual abuse rates are higher in juvenile
: Martha T. Moore, “Study: Youths Sexually Abused in Juvenile Prisons,”
USA Today
, January 7, 2010,
usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-01-07-juvenile-prison-sexual-abuse_N.htm
.

104
  
“In essence”
: David Kaiser and Lovisa Stannow, “The Crisis of Juvenile Prison Rape: A New Report,”
New York Review of Books
blog, January 7, 2010,
www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/jan/07/the-crisis-of-juvenile-prison-rape-a-new-report/
.

105
  
“detach physically and psychologically”
: Robert L. Listenbee Jr., Joe Torre, Gregory Boyle, Sharon W. Cooper, Sarah Deer, Deanne Tilton Durfee, Thea James, et al.,
Report of the Attorney General's National Task Force on Children Exposed to Violence
, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, December 12, 2012,
www.justice.gov/defendingchildhood/cev-rpt-f.pdf
.

106
  
Fully 65 percent of those who had been sexually abused
: Beck, Harrison, and Guerino, “Special Report.”

106
  
81 percent had been sexually assaulted more than once
: Ibid.

107
  
May 2012—fully ten years after PREA was signed into law
: “Justice Department Releases Final Rule to Prevent, Detect and Respond to Prison Rape: Landmark Regulation Contains New Standards to Combat Sexual Abuse in Confinement Facilities,” Department of Justice, press release, May 2012,
www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2012/May/12-ag-635.html
.

108
  
a small percentage of the “second chances” their keepers are granted
: Allen J. Beck and Timothy A. Hughes, “Sexual Violence Reported by Correctional Authorities: 2004,” U.S. Department of Justice, July 2005,
bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svrca04.pdf
.

108
  
“Even when prosecuted”
: “Deterring Staff Sexual Abuse of Federal Inmates,” Office of the Inspector General, April 2005,
www.justice.gov/oig/special/0504/index.htm
.

109
  
Under civil commitment laws
: Paul Demko, “‘He Was a Kid': Former Juvenile
Sex Offenders Languish in MSOP,” Politics in Minnesota, October 5 2012,
politicsinminnesota.com/2012/10/he-was-a-kid-former-juvenile-sex-offenders-languish-in-msop/
.

109
  
consensual sex between two minors that is prosecuted as statutory rape
: “State Civil Commitment for Sex Offenders,” Criminal Defense Lawyers,
www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/state-civil-commitment-sex-offenders.htm
.

109
  
Human Rights Watch study
: Nicole Pittman and Alison Parker,
Raised on the Registry: The Irreparable Harm of Placing Children on Sex Offender Registries in the US
(New York: Human Rights Watch, 2013),
www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/us0513_ForUpload_1.pdf
.

109
  
“harassed and ridiculed by their peers”
: Ibid., p. 5.

110
  
“often do not believe they will be caught”
: “Deterring Staff Sexual Abuse of Federal Inmates,” Office of the Inspector General.

110
  
report on girls in New York State custody
: Mie Lewis,
Custody and Control: Conditions of Confinement in New York's Juvenile Prison for Girls
(New York: Human Rights Watch/American Civil Liberties Union, 2006),
www.hrw.org/reports/us0906webwcover.pdf
.

110
  
“Ebony V. stated that girls at Lansing”
: Ibid., p. 60.

110
  
Ebony's first-person account
: Ibid.

111
  
Sheila Bedi testified
: U.S. Attorney General's National Task Force on Children Exposed to Violence, University of Maryland Hearing transcript, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, November 29–30, 2011, p. 12,
www.ojjdp.gov/defendingchildhood/baltimore-hearing-transcript1-3.pdf
.

112
  
In testimony before a 2010 House Committee on Education and Labor hearing
: “Survivor Testimony: National Prison Rape Elimination Commission Testimony of Pamanicka ‘Chino' Hardin,” Just Detention International, Boston, June 1, 2006,
www.justdetention.org/en/NPREC/chinohardin.aspx
.

115
  
“These girls in the detention center are not Little Miss Muffin”
: Aviva Shen, “Prison Attorneys Claim 14-Year-Old Inmate Wanted to Get Raped by Her 40-Year-Old Prison Guard,”
Think Progress
, August 7, 2013,
thinkprogress.org/justice/2013/08/07/2425511/louisiana-teenager-prison-rape/
.

116
  
Commonplace incursions such as being ogled in the shower
: Beck, Harrison, and Guerino, “Special Report.”

116
  
multiple examples of staff touching girls
: Lewis,
Custody and Control
, p. 68.

116
  
“The girl is required to take off all her clothes”
: Office of Children and Family Services, Policy and Procedures Manual, “PPM 3247.18: Contraband, Inspections and Searches,” November 1, 1998, pp. 6–7, in Lewis,
Custody and Control
, pp. 58–59.

117
  
“You get strip searched”
: Lewis,
Custody and Control
, p. 60.

117
  
“the everyday rape of random body searches”
: David Chura, “Everyday Assaults of Young Offenders in Adult Prisons,”
Juvenile Justice Information Exchange
, August 7, 2013,
jjie.org/everyday-assaults-of-young-offenders-in-adult-prisons/105081/
.

117
  
the perpetrator is a woman and the victim is a boy
: Review Panel on Prison Rape, “Report on Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Correctional Facilities,” U.S. Department of Justice, October 2010, p. 35,
www.ojp.usdoj.gov/reviewpanel/pdfs/panel_report_101014.pdf
.

117
  
“Violent sexual assault”
: Ibid., p. 2.

118
  
misconstrue, or misrepresent, the law
: The age of consent varies from state to state, but nowhere is it below sixteen.