Authors: Jon Meacham
The functions of our government continue without interruption. Federal agencies in Washington which had to be evacuated today are reopening for essential personnel tonight, and will be open for business tomorrow. Our financial institutions remain strong, and the American economy will be open for business as well. The search is under way for those who are behind these evil acts. I've directed the full resources of our intelligence and law enforcement communities to find those responsible and to bring them to justice. We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them. I appreciate so very much the members of Congress who have joined me in strongly condemning these attacks. And on behalf of the American people, I thank the many world leaders who have called to offer their condolences and assistance.
America and our friends and allies join with all those who want peace and security in the world, and we stand together to win the war against terrorism. Tonight, I ask for your prayers for all those who grieve, for the children whose worlds have been shattered, for all whose sense of safety and security has been threatened. And I pray they will be comforted by a power greater than any of us, spoken through the ages in Psalm 23: "Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I fear no evil, for You are with me." This is a day when all Americans from every walk of life unite in our resolve for justice and peace. America has stood down enemies before, and we will do so this time. None of us will ever forget this day. Yet we go forward to defend freedom and all that is good and just in our world. Thank you. Good night, and God bless America.
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Good evening. Tonight, I can report to the American people and to the world that the United States has conducted an operation that killed Osama bin Laden, the leader of Al Qaeda and a terrorist who's responsible for the murder of thousands of innocent men, women, and children.
It was nearly ten years ago that a bright September day was darkened by the worst attack on the American people in our history. The images of 9/11 are seared into our national memoryâhijacked planes cutting through a cloudless September sky; the Twin Towers collapsing to the ground; black smoke billowing up from the Pentagon; the wreckage of Flight 93 in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, where the actions of heroic citizens saved even more heartbreak and destruction.
And yet we know that the worst images are those that were unseen to the world. The empty seat at the dinner table. Children who were forced to grow up without their mother or their father. Parents who would never know the feeling of their child's embrace. Nearly three thousand citizens taken from us, leaving a gaping hole in our hearts.
On September 11, 2001, in our time of grief, the American people came together. We offered our neighbors a hand, and we offered the wounded our blood. We reaffirmed our ties to each other, and our love of community and country. On that day, no matter where we came from, what God we prayed to, or what race or ethnicity we were, we were united as one American family.
We were also united in our resolve to protect our nation and to bring those who committed this vicious attack to justice. We quickly learned that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by Al Qaedaâan organization headed by Osama bin Laden, which had openly declared war on the United States and was committed to killing innocents in our country and around the globe. And so we went to war against Al Qaeda to protect our citizens, our friends, and our allies.
Over the last ten years, thanks to the tireless and heroic work of our military and our counterterrorism professionals, we've made great strides in that effort. We've disrupted terrorist attacks and strengthened our homeland defense. In Afghanistan, we removed the Taliban government, which had given Bin Laden and Al Qaeda safe haven and support. And around the globe, we worked with our friends and allies to capture or kill scores of Al Qaeda terrorists, including several who were part of the 9/11 plot.
Yet Osama bin Laden avoided capture and escaped across the Afghan border into Pakistan. Meanwhile, Al Qaeda continued to operate from along that border and operate through its affiliates across the world.
And so shortly after taking office, I directed Leon Panetta, the director of the CIA, to make the killing or capture of Bin Laden the top priority of our war against Al Qaeda, even as we continued our broader efforts to disrupt, dismantle, and defeat his network.
Then, last August, after years of painstaking work by our intelligence community, I was briefed on a possible lead to Bin Laden. It was far from certain, and it took many months to run this thread to ground. I met repeatedly with my national security team as we developed more information about the possibility that we had located Bin Laden hiding within a compound deep inside of Pakistan. And finally, last week, I determined that we had enough intelligence to take action, and authorized an operation to get Osama bin Laden and bring him to justice.
Today, at my direction, the United States launched a targeted operation against that compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. A small team of Americans carried out the operation with extraordinary courage and capability. No Americans were harmed. They took care to avoid civilian casualties. After a firefight, they killed Osama bin Laden and took custody of his body.
For over two decades, Bin Laden has been Al Qaeda's leader and symbol, and has continued to plot attacks against our country and our friends and allies. The death of Bin Laden marks the most significant achievement to date in our nation's effort to defeat Al Qaeda.
Yet his death does not mark the end of our effort. There's no doubt that Al Qaeda will continue to pursue attacks against us. We mustâand we willâremain vigilant at home and abroad.
As we do, we must also reaffirm that the United States is notâand never will beâat war with Islam. I've made clear, just as President Bush did shortly after 9/11, that our war is not against Islam. Bin Laden was not a Muslim leader; he was a mass murderer of Muslims. Indeed, Al Qaeda has slaughtered scores of Muslims in many countries, including our own. So his demise should be welcomed by all who believe in peace and human dignity.
Over the years, I've repeatedly made clear that we would take action within Pakistan if we knew where Bin Laden was. That is what we've done. But it's important to note that our counterterrorism cooperation with Pakistan helped lead us to Bin Laden and the compound where he was hiding. Indeed, Bin Laden had declared war against Pakistan as well, and ordered attacks against the Pakistani people.
Tonight, I called President Zardari, and my team has also spoken with their Pakistani counterparts. They agree that this is a good and historic day for both of our nations. And going forward, it is essential that Pakistan continue to join us in the fight against Al Qaeda and its affiliates.
The American people did not choose this fight. It came to our shores, and started with the senseless slaughter of our citizens. After nearly ten years of service, struggle, and sacrifice, we know well the costs of war. These efforts weigh on me every time I, as commander-in-chief, have to sign a letter to a family that has lost a loved one, or look into the eyes of a service member who's been gravely wounded.
So Americans understand the costs of war. Yet as a country, we will never tolerate our security being threatened, nor stand idly by when our people have been killed. We will be relentless in defense of our citizens and our friends and allies. We will be true to the values that make us who we are. And on nights like this one, we can say to those families who have lost loved ones to Al Qaeda's terror: Justice has been done.
Tonight, we give thanks to the countless intelligence and counterterrorism professionals who've worked tirelessly to achieve this outcome. The American people do not see their work, nor know their names. But tonight, they feel the satisfaction of their work and the result of their pursuit of justice.
We give thanks for the men who carried out this operation, for they exemplify the professionalism, patriotism, and unparalleled courage of those who serve our country. And they are part of a generation that has borne the heaviest share of the burden since that September day.
Finally, let me say to the families who lost loved ones on 9/11 that we have never forgotten your loss, nor wavered in our commitment to see that we do whatever it takes to prevent another attack on our shores.
And tonight, let us think back to the sense of unity that prevailed on 9/11. I know that it has, at times, frayed. Yet today's achievement is a testament to the greatness of our country and the determination of the American people.
The cause of securing our country is not complete. But tonight, we are once again reminded that America can do whatever we set our mind to. That is the story of our history, whether it's the pursuit of prosperity for our people, or the struggle for equality for all our citizens; our commitment to stand up for our values abroad, and our sacrifices to make the world a safer place.
Let us remember that we can do these things not just because of wealth or power, but because of who we are: one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.
Thank you. May God bless you. And may God bless the United States of America.
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1.
David Kilcullen, Testimony to the House Armed Services Committee Hearing on HR 1886, the Pakistan Enduring Assistance and Cooperation Enhancement (PEACE) Act, 2009.
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2.
Ghassan Charbel, "Osama Passed By,"
Al-Hayat
(London), May 3, 2011.
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3.
Anthony Shadid and David D. Kirkpatrick, "In Arab World, Bin Laden's Confused Legacy,"
The New York Times
, May 2, 2011.
 Â
4.
See Eric Hobsbawm's historical trilogy on the nineteenth century:
The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848
(1962);
The Age of Capital, 1848-1875
(1979); and
The Age of Empire, 1875-1914
(1987), Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
 Â
5.
Albert Hourani,
Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939
, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983 (first published by Oxford University Press in 1963).
 Â
6.
Tarif Khalidi,
Classical Arab Islam: The Culture and Heritage of the Golden Age
, Princeton, NJ: The Darwin Press, 1985.
 Â
7.
See, in particular, the relationship between the Muslim Brotherhood and the Nasserist regime in Egypt as related in Anouar Abdel-Malek's
Egypt: Military Society
, New York: Random House, 1968.
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8.
Thomas Hegghammer, "Global Jihadism After the Iraq War,"
Middle East Journal
, Volume 60, Number 1, Winter 2006.
 Â
9.
I am indebted to Col. David Glasser, U.S. Army, who commanded the detainee facility in Iraq at Camp Bucca in 2007, for his help with this section.
 Â
10.
See David Kilcullen, "Anatomy of a Tribal Revolt," Small Wars Journal Blog, August 29, 2007.
 Â
11.
For the best account of the failure of the Al Qaeda campaign in Saudi Arabia, see Thomas Hegghammer's
Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Since 1979
, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
 Â
12.
See Marc Lynch,
Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, Al Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today
, New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
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13.
Issandr el-Amrani compiled a collection of some of the best Mubarak jokes for an article in
Foreign Policy
published the month before the beginning of the street protests that would sweep Mubarak from power. See "Three Decades of a Joke That Just Won't Die,"
Foreign Policy
, January/February 2011. University of Chicago political scientist Lisa Wedeen, meanwhile, explores common jokes told about the Syrian regime in
Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria
, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
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14.
Charles Levinson of
The
Wall Street Journal
, a fluent Arabic speaker, began his career as a freelancer in Cairo in 2002. Returning to cover the revolution in Tahrir Square in 2011, he noticed that many of the people organizing the protest were Egyptians he had befriended at rallies years before, allowing him an insider's perspective on the revolution rare among Western journalists. See, for example, "The Secret Rally That Sparked an Uprising,"
The Wall Street Journal
, February 11, 2011.
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15.
Khaled Saghieh, "No Place for Bin Laden,"
Al-Akhbar
(Beirut), May 3, 2011.
 Â
16.
Roula Khalaf, "Al-Qaeda Sidelined by Rise of Peaceful Protest,"
Financial Times
, May 3, 2011.
 Â
17.
Lisa Anderson, "Demystifying the Arab Spring: Parsing the Differences between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya,"
Foreign Affairs
, May/June 2011.
 Â
18.
Mona El-Ghobashy, "The Praxis of the Egyptian Revolution,"
Middle East Report
, Vol. 41, Spring 2011.
 Â
19.
For more on the development of both Libya and Tunisia, see Lisa Anderson's
The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830-1980
, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986.
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20.
Anthony Shadid and David D. Kirkpatrick, "In Arab World, Bin Laden's Confused Legacy,"
The New York Times
, May 2, 2011.
 Â
1.
Department of the Army, Field Manual 3-24, "On Counterinsurgency," 2006.
 Â
2.
Report to the 111
th
Congress by the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan, January 30, 2009.
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3.
Ambassador Karl Eikenberry, Cable, Subject: COIN Strategy, November 6, 2009.
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4.
President Barack Obama, speech at West Point, December 1, 2009.
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5.
President Barack
Obama,
PBS NewsHour,
February 27, 2009.
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6.
Ibid.
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7.
Senator Barack Obama, "The War We Need to Win," speech at the Woodrow Wilson Center, August 1, 2008.
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8.
Admiral Mike Mullen, Pentagon briefing, December 10, 2009.
 Â
9.
Secretary
Robert Gates, testimony before Senate Armed Services Committee, January 27, 2009.
 Â
10.
Christina Lamb, "War on Taliban Cannot Be Won, Says Army Chief,"
Sunday Times,
October 5, 2008.
 Â
11.
Admiral Mike Mullen, "Building our Best WeaponâTrust,"
The Washington Post,
February 12, 2009.
 Â
12.
Elisabeth Bumiller, "Gates Fears Wider Gap Between Country and Military,"
The New York Times,
September 30, 2010.
 Â
13.
Robert B. Myerson, "Foundations of the State in Theory and Practice," University of Chicago website, October 2007.
 Â
14.
Thomas Ricks, "For Vietnam Vet Tony Zinni, Another War on Shaky Territory,"
The Washington Post,
December 23, 2003.
 Â
15.
Phillip B. Davidson,
Vietnam at War,
Presidio Press, 1988.
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16.
Colin Powell,
Meet the Press
, June 10, 2007.
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