Beethoven: Anguish and Triumph (177 page)

58. Yeats: “sick with desire / and fastened to a dying animal,” from “Sailing to By­zantium.”

59. Wawruch, quoted in Mai,
Diagnosing Genius
, 217–18.

60. Breuning,
Memories of Beethoven
, 101.

61. Thayer/Forbes, 2:1022–23.

62. Clive,
Beethoven and His World
, 19.

63. Breuning,
Memories of Beethoven
, 96.

64. Ibid., 95.

65. Anderson, vol. 3, no. 1542.

66. Wawruch, quoted in Mai,
Diagnosing Genius
, 217–19.

67. Thayer/Forbes, 2:1022–23.

68. Mai,
Diagnosing Genius
, 219.

69. Thayer/Forbes, 1:942.

70. Ibid., 2:1034.

71. Albrecht, vol. 3, no. 459.

72. Ibid., no. 460.

73. Thayer/Forbes, 2:1033–38.

74. Hiller account in Landon,
Beethoven
, 199–200.

75. Thayer/Forbes, 2:1047.

76. Albrecht, vol. 3, no. 468. Years later Schindler and Anselm Hüttenbrenner reported that Schubert visited Beethoven on his deathbed, but there is no evidence for it—or that Beethoven and Schubert ever met, though Beethoven surely knew the younger man's reputation and had likely seen some songs.

77. Anderson, vol. 3, no. 1566.

78. Wawruch, cited in Mai,
Diagnosing Genius
, 220.

79. Breuning,
Memories of Beethoven
, 103.

80. Thayer/Forbes, 2:1049.

81. Anderson, vol. 3, no. 1570. The original of the note does not survive.

82. Albrecht, vol. 3, no. 469.

83. Breuning,
Memories of Beethoven
, 101–2.

84. Albrecht, vol. 3, no. 479.

85. Ibid., no. 472.

86. Breuning,
Memories of Beethoven
, 104.

87. Thayer/Forbes, 2:1050–51.

88. Ibid., 2:1051n61. Johann's account of his brother dying in his arms is presumably a fabrication—there is no record that he was present.

89. I have concluded that Beethoven was a functional alcoholic, but many over the years have disputed the idea that he was so much a drinker as that. Given the primitive state of medicine in those days, no doctor's conclusions can be fully trusted. But doctors Wawruch and Malfatti both considered Beethoven alcoholic, and Lorenz's article “Commentary on Wawruch's Report” concludes that alcoholic cirrhosis is a strong, if not unassailable, possibility. This is also the conclusion of several doctors cited in Mai (
Diagnosing Genius
, 141). Mai's chapter 4 reviews questions concerning alcohol, hearing, and lead poisoning, and the possibility that Beethoven had inflammatory bowel disease. Not all cirrhosis is caused by alcohol. Likewise, there is a good deal of evidence for lead poisoning, but some, including Eisinger (“Was Beethoven Lead-Poisoned?”), conclude he was not afflicted with it. Like Beethoven's deafness and every other aspect of his health, these questions likely will never be answered for certain. What I say in the text is that Beethoven may have had lead poisoning from early in life, but if that was not the cause, he had some other chronic condition that afflicted his digestive system.

90. M. Cooper,
Beethoven
, 439.

91. Breuning,
Memories of Beethoven
, 106.

92. Solomon (
Beethoven
, 383) says the second medallion is Antonie Brentano, his nominee for the Immortal Beloved.

93. Ibid.

94. Breuning,
Memories of Beethoven
, 108; Thayer/Forbes, 2:1053.

95. Thayer/Forbes, 2:1054–56.

96. Albrecht, vol. 3, no. 477.

97. Ibid., no. 491n2.

98. Breuning,
Memories of Beethoven
, 113–14.

99. Clive,
Beethoven and His World
, 20; John Suchet, “Karl van Beethoven (1806–58): Beethoven's Nephew,” Classic FM, accessed October 23, 2013,
http://www.classicfm.com/composers/beethoven/guides/karl-van-beethoven-nephew/
.

100. Breuning,
Memories of Beethoven
, 114. Gerhard's deploring description of Johann van Beethoven was probably inflected by Schindler, who despised Johann.

101. Clive,
Beethoven and His World
, 26; Albrecht, vol. 3, no. 446n4.

102. Clive,
Beethoven and His World
, 15–17.

103. Johann Friedrich Rochlitz, in Senner,
Critical Receptions
, vol. 1, no. 43.

104. Wilhelm Christian Müller, in Senner,
Critical Receptions
, vol. 1, no. 45.

105. Thompson,
Franz Grillparzer
, 86.

ABA form,
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Adelaide
(Beethoven),
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Albrechtsberger, Johann Georg,
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Alexander I, Tsar/Tsarina,
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Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung
(
AMZ
/
General Musical Magazine
),
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Amenda, Karl Friedrich

background,
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Beethoven and,
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American Revolution,
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AMZ
.
See
Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung
(
AMZ
/
General Musical Magazine
)

An die ferne Geliebte
/
To the Distant Beloved
(Beethoven),
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Appassionata
Sonata (Beethoven),
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Archduke
Trio,
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Arnim, Achim von,
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“art” definition/description,
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Artaria publishing house,
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Aufklärung.
See
Enlightenment

Austria

French occupations/book bans,
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wars with France,
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See also
specific individuals

Averdonk, Johanna Helene,
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Averdonk, Severin Anton,
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Bach, C. P. E.,
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Bach, J. C.,
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Bach, J. S.,
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Bach, Johann Baptist (lawyer),
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Bagration, Katherine, Princess,
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“baroque” defined,
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Baroque period (music)

concerto-sonata form,
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fugue form,
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musical form and,
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Battle of Vittoria
(Beethoven).
See
Wellington's Victory
(Beethoven)

bedbugs,
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“Beethoven” name

origins,
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spelling variations,
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Beethoven, Anna Maria Franziska van,
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Beethoven, Caspar Anton Carl van

christening,
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description,
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Heiligenstadt Testament/letter and,
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illness/death,
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Johanna/child and,
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as Ludwig's agent,
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music and,
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relationship with Ludwig,
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rheumatic fever,
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will,
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Beethoven, Cornelius van,
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Beethoven family

deaths of infants/children,
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home locations/moves following grandfather's death,
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home on Wenzelgasse,
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See also
Fischer house/surroundings

Beethoven, Franz Georg van,
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Beethoven, Johann van

attempts to become
Kapellmeister
,
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Beethoven's name day,
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Belderbusch and,
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birth/childhood,
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Christmas celebrations,
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court chapel choir and,
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exile decree and,
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father's debtors and,
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favorite food,
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