At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (69 page)

5.
Wodrow,
Analecta: or, Materials for a History of Remarkable Providences .
. . , ed. Matthew Leishman (Edinburgh, 1843), III, 496; James Miller,
The Universal Passion
(London, 1737), 46.

CHAPTER TEN

1.
WR or UJ
, Sept. 22, 1738

2.
Cogan,
The Haven of Health
(London, 1588), 232–233; Karl H. Dannenfeldt, “Sleep: Theory and Practice in the Late Renaissance,”
Journal of the History of Medicine
41 (1986), 422–424.

3.
Vaughan,
Naturall and Artificial Directions for Health .
. . (London, 1607), 53; Henry Davidoff, ed.,
World Treasury of Proverbs .
. . (New York, 1946), 25; Dannenfeldt, “Renaissance Sleep,” 7–12.

4.
John Trusler,
An Easy Way to Prolong Life .
. . (London, 1775), 11; F.K. Robinson, comp.,
A Glossary of Words Used in the Neighbourhood of Whitby
(London, 1876), 55; Tilley,
Proverbs in England
, 36.

5.
Wilson,
English Proverbs
, 389.

6.
The Whole Duty of Man
... (London, 1691), 188–189; Stephen Innes,
Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England
(New York, 1995), 124;
The Schoole of Vertue, and Booke of Good Nourture .
. . (London, 1557);
An Essay on Particular Advice to the Young Gentry
... (London, 1711), 170; David Hackett Fischer,
Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America
(New York, 1989), 160–161.

7.
Andrew Boorde,
A Compendyous Regyment or a Dyetary of Health .
. . (London, 1547); Levinus Lemnius,
Touchstone of Complexions ...
, trans. T. Newton (London, 1576), 57.

8.
Robert Macnish,
The Philosophy of Sleep
, ed. Daniel N. Robinson (Washington, D.C., 1977), 279; Boorde,
Compendyous Regyment
; Lawrence Wright,
Warm and Snug: The History of the Bed
(London, 1962), 195.

9.
William Bullein,
A Newe Boke of Phisicke Called y Goveriment of Health .
. . (London, 1559), 91; Boorde,
Compendyous Regyment
; Tobias Venner,
Via Recta ad Vitam Longam
... (London, 1637), 279–280;
Directions and Observations Relative to Food, Exercise and Sleep
(London, 1772), 22; Dannenfeldt, “Renaissance Sleep,” 430.

10.
Wilson,
English Proverbs
, 738; Torriano,
Proverbi
, 76; Wright,
Warm and Snug
, 194; Gratarolus,
A Direction for the Health of Magistrates and Studentes
(London, 1574); Sir Thomas Elyot,
The Castel of Helthe
(New York, 1937), iii; Dannenfeldt, “Renaissance Sleep,”
JHM
, 420.

11.
Jan. 29, 1624, Beck,
Diary
, 39.

12.
John Wilson,
The Projectors
(London, 1665), 45.

13.
Nov. 27, 1705, Cowper, Diary; Schindler,
Rebellion
, 216; Lean,
Collectanea
, I, 503; Wright,
Warm and Snug
, 117; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 8–9.

14.
Eric Sloane,
The Seasons of America Past
(New York, 1958), 26; Feb. 8, 1756, Dec. 26, 1763, Turner,
Diary
, 26–27, 283; Carol M. Worthman and Melissa K. Melby, “Toward a Comparative Developmental Ecology of Human Sleep,” in Mary A. Carskadon, ed.,
Adolescent Sleep Patterns: Biological, Social, and Psychological Influences
(Cambridge, 2002), 79.

15.
W. F.,
The Schoole of Good Manners
(London, 1609).

16.
“Letter of M. Brady,”
LC
, July 31, 1764; Arthur Friedman, ed.,
Collected Works of Oliver Goldsmith
(Oxford, 1966), II, 214–218; James Boswell,
The Hypochondriack
, ed. Margery Bailey (Stanford, Calif., 1928), II, 110; George Steiner,
No Passion Spent: Essays, 1978–1996
(London, 1996), 211–212; Simon B. Chandler, “Shakespeare and Sleep,”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
29 (1955), 255–260.

17.
Torriano,
Proverbi
, 77; “Wits Private Wealth,” in Breton, Works, II, 9;
Another Collection of Philosophical Conferences of the French Virtuosi .
. . , trans. G. Havers and J. Davies (London, 1665), 419; Richard Oliver Heslop, comp.,
Northumberland Words
... (1892; rpt. edn., Vaduz, Liecht., 1965), I, 248, II, 659; Alexander Hislop, comp.,
The Proverbs of Scotland
(Edinburgh, 1870), 346.

18.
William Rowley,
All’s Lost By Lust
(London, 1633); Thomas Shadwell,
The Amorous Bigotte
(London, 1690), 43;
The Dramatic Works of Sir William D’Avenant
(New York, 1964), 146; Boswell,
Hypochondriack
, ed. Bailey, II, 112; Erik Eckholm, “Exploring the Forces of Sleep,”
New York Times Magazine
, Apr. 17, 1988, 32.

19.
James Hervey,
Meditations and Contemplations .
. . (London, 1752), II, 42; Boswell,
Hypochondriack
, ed. Bailey, II, 110; N. Caussin,
The Christian Diary
(London, 1652), 35; June 2, 1706, Cowper, Diary; Alan of Lille,
The Art of Preaching
, trans. G.R. Evans (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1981), 135. For Freud’s influential discussion of “neurotic ceremonials” pertaining to sleep, see his “Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices,” in James Strachey, ed.,
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud
(London, 1975), IX, 117–118; Barry Schwartz, “Notes on the Sociology of Sleep,”
Sociological Quarterly
11 (1970), 494–495.

20.
Herbert’s Devotions .
. . (London, 1657), 237; Walter L. Straus, ed.,
The German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1550–1600: A Pictorial Catalogue
(New York, 1975), II, 739; Stephen Bateman,
A Christall Glasse of Christian Reformation .
. . (London, 1569).

21.
Eugen Weber,
My France: Politics, Culture, Myth
(Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 85; Thomas Moffett,
The History of Four-Footed Beasts and Serpents .
. . (London, 1658), II, 956–957; July 16, 1678, John Lough, ed.,
Locke’s Travels in France, 1675–1679
(Cambridge, 1953), 207; John Southall,
A Treatise of Buggs
... (London, 1730); J.F.D. Shrewsbury,
The Plague of the Philistines and Other Medical-Historical Essays
(London, 1964), 146–161.

22.
July 16, 1784, Torrington,
Diaries
, I, 174; James P. Horn,
Adapting to a New World: English Society in the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1994), 318–319. The day before arriving home from a journey, Sylas Neville dispatched a note requesting that his housekeeper and her daughter sleep that night in his bed to “season” it (Basil Cozens-Hardy, ed.,
The Diary of Sylas Neville, 1767–1788
[London, 1950], 162).

23.
Carolyn Pouncy, ed.,
The “Domostroi”: Rules for Russian Households in the Time of Ivan the Terrible
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1994), 170; Anna Brzozowska-Krajka,
Polish Traditional Folklore: The Magic of Time
(Boulder, Colo, 1998), 119;
PA
, Mar. 20, 1764.

24.
Steven Bradwell,
A Watch-man for the Pest
... (London, 1625), 39; Oct. 20, 1763, Frederick A. Pottle, ed.,
Boswell in Holland 1763–1764
(New York, 1952), 49–50; Venner,
Via Recta
, 275; Israel Spach,
Theses Medicae de Somno et Vigilia
... (Strasburg, 1597).

25.
Jon Cowans, ed.,
Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History
(Philadelphia, 2003), 121; Alan Macfarlane,
The Justice and the Mare’s Ale: Law and Disorder in Seventeenth-Century England
(Oxford, 1981), 56; John C. Fitzpatrick, ed.,
The Writings of George Washington .
. . (Washington, D.C., 1931), I, 17. Information is sparse about sleeping garments, but see C. Willett and Phillis Cunnington,
The History of Underclothes
(London, 1951), 41–43, 52, 61; Almut Junker,
Zur Geschichte der Unterwäsche 1700–1960: eine Ausstellung des Historischen Museums Frankfurt, 28 April bis 28 August 1988
(Frankfurt, 1988), 10–78; Norbert Elias,
The Civilizing Process: The Development of Manners .
. . , trans. Edmund Jephcott (New York, 1978), I, 164–165. For the absence of clothing among sleepers, see Edmond Cottinet, “La Nudité au Lit Selon Cathos et l’Histoire,”
Le Moliériste
(April 1883), 20–25 (June 1883) 86–89; Dannednfeldt, “Renaissance Sleep,” 426.

26.
Randle Cotgrave,
A Dictionaire of the French and English Tongues
(London, 1611); Laurence Sterne,
The Life & Opinions of Tristam Shandy, Gentleman
(New York, 1950), 568; Sept. 22, 1660, Pepy,
Diary
, I, 251; Alison Weir,
Henry VIII: The King and His Court
(New York, 2001), 84.

27.
The Queens Closet Opened
... (London, 1661), 60–61, 101–102; Aug. 11, 1678, Michael Hunter and Annabel Gregory, eds.,
An Astrological Diary of the Seventeenth Century: Samuel Jeake of Rye, 1652–1699
(Oxford, 1988), 140; Christof Wirsung,
Praxis Medicinae Universalis; or a Generall Practise of Phisicke
... (London, 1598), 618.

28.
Moryson,
Itinerary
, IV, 44; “T.C.,”
PL
, Dec. 5, 1765. In the
Celestina: A Novel in Dialogue
by Fernando de Rojas, trans. Lesley Byrd Simpson (Berkeley, Calif., 1971), the protagonist says of wine, “There’s no better warming pan on a winter’s night. If I drink three little jugs like this when I go to bed I don’t feel the cold all night long” (104).

29.
Bradwell,
Watch-man
, 38; “W.,”
LC
, Oct. 9, 1763; Henry G. Bohn,
A Hand-book of Proverbs
... (London, 1855), 28; May 25, 1767, Cozens-Hardy, ed.,
Neville Diary
, 8; Feb. 29, 1756, Turner,
Diary
, 32.

30.
Thomas Elyot,
The Castel of Helthe
(London, 1539), fo. 46; Governal,
In this Tretyse that Is Cleped Governayle of Helthe
(New York, 1969); Bullein,
Goveriment of Health
, 90.

31.
Sept. 29, 1661, Pepys,
Diary
, II, 186;
East Anglian Diaries
, 51; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 113–128; François Lebrun, “The Two Reformations: Communal Devotion and Personal Piety,” in
HPL
III, 96–97. References to the “lock” of the night may be found in Owen Feltham,
Resolves
(London, 1628), 406; Oct. 2, 1704, Cowper, Diary; Andrew Henderson, ed.,
Scottish Proverbs
(Edinburgh, 1832), 48.

32.
John Bartlett,
Familiar Quotations .
. . , ed. Emily Morison Beck et al. (Boston, 1980), 320;
Whole Duty of Man
, 388; Thomas Becon,
The Early Works .
. . , ed. John Ayre (Cambridge, 1843), 403.

33.
Thankfull Remembrances of Gods Wonderful Deliverances
... (n.p., 1628). See also July 18, 1709, Cowper, Diary. Well-known is the venerable Cornish prayer, “From ghoulies and ghosties and long-leggety beasties and things that go bump in the night, Good Lord, deliver us!” (Bartlett,
Familiar Quotations
, ed. Beck et al., 921).

34.
Martine Segalen,
Love and Power in the Peasant Family: Rural France in the Nineteenth Century
, trans. Sarah Matthews (Chicago, 1983, 124–125; Phillipe Martin, “Corps en Repos ou Corps en Danger? Le Sommeil dans les Livres de Piété (Second Moitié du XVIIIe Siècle),”
Revue d’Histoire et de Philosophie Religieuses
80 (2000), 253.

35.
Gwyn Jones, comp.,
The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English
(Oxford, 1977), 78; July 15, 1705, Cowper, Diary; Gervase Markham,
Countrey Contentments
... (London, 1615), 31; William Lilly,
A Groatsworth of Wit for a Penny; or, the Interpretation of Dreams
(London, [1750?]), 18.

36.
Cogan,
Haven of Health
, 235.

37.
Harrison,
Description
, 200–201; Raffaella Sarti
,
Europe at Home
:
Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800
, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 120; John E. Crowley,
The Invention of Comfort: Sensibilities & Design in Early Modern Britain & Early America
(Baltimore, 2001), 73–76; Anne Fillon, “Comme on Fait son Lit, on se Couche 300 Ans d’Histoire du Lit Villageois,” in
Populatiens et
Cultures .
.. Etudes Réunies en l’Honneur de François Lebrun
(Rennes, 1989), 153–161.

38.
Stephanie Grauman Wolf,
As Various as Their Land: The Everyday Lives of Eighteenth-Century Americans
(New York, 1993), 66; Carole Shammas, “The Domestic Environment in Early Modern England and America,”
JSH
14 (1990), 169, 158; Dannenfeldt, “Renaissance Sleep,” 426 n. 31; Crowley,
Comfort
, passim; F. G. Emmison,
Elizabethan Life: Home, Work & Land
(Chelmsford, Eng., 1976), 12–15; Roche,
Consumption
, 182–185.

39.
Bartlett,
Familiar Quotations
, ed. Beck et al., 290; Lemnius,
Touchstone of Complexions
, trans. Newton, 73; Cogan,
Haven of Health
, 235; Bradwell,
Watch-man
, 39.