Alice + Freda Forever: A Murder in Memphis (23 page)

BOOK: Alice + Freda Forever: A Murder in Memphis
6.61Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads

Memphis, Tenn., Nov. 20, 1890

Jim—If I have done or said anything to hurt your feelings please let me know. If not, please return my hair which I sent you, and oblige.

Freda Ward

L
ILLIE
J
OHNSON WRITING AS
“J
ESSIE
J
AMES

TO A
M
R
. R
OBINS
(
UNKNOWN RECIPIENT
)

Memphis, Tenn., Nov. 30, 1890

Mr. Robins:

UNKNOWN FRIENDS—As I have heard Freda [Alice Mitchell’s alter ego] speak of you so much, I thought I would write to you. Freda told me you were going to a candy pulling, and I hope you will enjoy yourself. I wish I was there to go with you. I know you will have a fine time. When you are pulling the candy just think of me.

I suppose you would like to have a description of myself as you have never heard of or seen me. I have light hair and blue eyes. I live in St. Louis, near Freda, on West Eighth Street near Charles Avenue. So you said you would exchange photos with Freda. I would like to do the same. Excuse this short letter as this is the first. I will write you a long one next time. Hoping to hear from you soon, I remain,

Yours truly,

JESSIE R. JAMES

P.S.—Please address Miss Jessie James, care general delivery, Memphis, Tenn. Write soon.

F
ROM
A
LICE
M
ITCHELL
(
AS
F
REDA
W
ARD
)
TO
“V
IRG

in
C
ARBON
, T
EXAS

Memphis, Tenn., Jan. 11, 1892

Dearest Virg—Your highly appreciated letter was enjoyed and read with much pleasure. I thought you had forgotten me. I waited until December 30 and you didn’t come, so I then went to St. Louis with Jess [Lillie Johnson]. Had just an elegant time. Returned home night before last. Made a complete mash there. He just begged me to elope with him, but I loved some one better. A young man came to see Jess and me last evening and fell in love with my singing. I was real glad to be home with my friends again. Saw a great many pretty boys, but then their charms and sweet smiles are to me as naught when I think of one sweet boy in Texas. I would love to see you just splendid. I am quite fascinated with your letters, and also what is more previous your darling self. I am very sorry to hear of your illness and sincerely hope you will be able to come and see your Freda real soon. Certainly I will forgive you for not writing, as you were so ill. Give your brother my congratulations for me. I hope he has a sweet pretty girl. I hope you won’t get married, dear, until you see me. I love you. I didn’t realize what real love was until you stopped writing, and I looked for you all in vain. Dearest, I love you devotedly. I have one question to ask you, and you must be sure and answer. Would you associate with an actress? I won’t worry you with a long letter, as you are not well. Please write a long letter real soon.

Yours, forever, FREDA

ARCHIVES

Memphis and Shelby County Room, Memphis Public Library. Memphis, Tennessee

Shelby County Archives. Memphis, Tennessee

Tennessee State Library and Archives. Nashville, Tennessee

CITY DIRECTORIES AND GOVERNMENT RECORDS

Memphis Board of Commissioners.
Report of Chief of Police
. Tennessee, 1892.

Dow’s Memphis Directory
. Tennessee, 1892.

R. L. Polk and Co.’s Memphis Directory
. Tennessee, 1892.

Tennessee State Board of Charities.
Report to the General Assembly
. Tennessee, 1896.

Tennessee Western State Hospital for the Insane.
Biennial Reports
. Bolivar, Tennessee, 1890-92, 1892-94, 1896-98.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Pages 8
,
9
,
30
: Memphis and Shelby County Room, Memphis Public Library. Memphis, Tennessee.

Pages 84
,
87
: Shelby Country Archives. Memphis, Tennessee.

PERIODICALS

Atchison Champion
. Kansas, 1892.

Bolivar Bulletin
. Tennessee, 1892-98.

Memphis Appeal Avalanche
. Tennessee, 1892.

Memphis Commercial
. Tennessee, 1892.

Memphis Commercial Appeal.
Tennessee, 1898, 1930.

Memphis Evening Scimitar.
Tennessee, 1892.

Memphis Medical Monthly.
Tennessee, 1892.

Memphis Public Ledger
. Tennessee, 1892.

Memphis Weekly Commercial
. Tennessee, 1892.

Milwaukee Sentinel
. Wisconsin, 1892.

New York Times.
New York, 1892.

New York World
. New York, 1892.

San Francisco Chronicle
. California, 1892.

San Francisco Examiner.
California, 1892.

San Francisco Morning Call.
California, 1892.

PRIMARY SOURCES

Comstock, T.G. “Alice Mitchell of Memphis, A Case of Sexual Perversion or ‘Urning’ (A Paranoiac).”
New York Medical Times
20 (1892-93): 170-73.

Daniel, F.E. “Castration of Sexual Perverts.”
Texas Medical Journal
9 (1893): 255-71.

Ellis, Havelock.
Sexual Inversion
. 1st American printing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1901.

Higbee School for Young Ladies. Annual Catalogs. Memphis and Shelby Country Room, Memphis Public Library.

Dr. H. “Gynomania.”
The Medical Record
19. no. 12 (Mar. 19, 1881).

Hughes, Charles H. “Alice Mitchell, the ‘Sexual Pervert’ and Her Crime.”
Alienist and Neurologist
13 (1892): 554-57.

_____. “Erotopathia—Morbid Erotism.”
Alienist and Neurologist
14 (1893): 531-78.

_____. “The Mitchell-Ward Tragedy
.” Alienist and Neurologist
13 (1892): 398-400.

Kiernan, James G. “Sexology: Increase of American Inversion.”
Urologic and Cutaneous Review
20 (1916): 44-49.

Krafft-Ebbing, Richard von.
Psychopathia Sexualis with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct.
Translated from the twelfth and final edition by Brian King. Burbank, Calif.: Bloat Publishing, 1999.

Wells, Ida B.
Southern Horrors: Lynch Law and All Its Phases
. New York: New York Age, 1892.

_____.
Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

SECONDARY SOURCES

Anderson, Benedict.
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
. London: Verso, 1983.

Auerbach, Nina.
Private Theatricals: The Lives of the Victorians.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990.

Ayers, Edward.
The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction—15th Anniversary Edition
. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Bederman, Gail.
Manhood and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Berkeley, Kathleen C.
“Like a Plague of Locusts”: From Antebellum Town to a New South City, Memphis, Tennessee, 1850-1880
. New York: Garland Publishing, 1991.

The Black Public Sphere Collective, eds.
The Black Public Sphere: A Public Culture Book.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Bland, Lucy, and Laura Doan, eds.
Sexology in Culture: Labeling Bodies and Desires.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Bredbenner, Candice Lewis.
A Nationality of Her Own: Women, Marriage and the Law of Citizenship.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

Browne, Blaine T., and Robert C. Cottrell.
Lives and Times:
Individuals and Issues in American History: Since 1865
. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009. Butler, Judith.
Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity.
New York: Routledge, 2006.

Coppock, Paul.
Memphis Memoirs
. Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1980.

_____.
Memphis Sketches.
Memphis: Friends of Memphis and Shelby County Libraries, 1976.

Cohen, Ed.
Talk on the Wilde Side: Toward a Genealogy of a Discourse on Male Sexualities.
New York: Routledge, 1992.

D’Emilio, John, and Estelle Freedman.
Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

Diggs, Marylynne. “Romantic Friends or a ‘Different Race of Creatures’? The Representation of Lesbian Pathology in Nineteenth-Century American.”
Feminist Studies
21, no. 2 (1995): 317-40.

Duggan, Lisa.
Sapphic Slashers: Sex, Violence, and American Modernity
. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001.

Edwards, Laura F.
Gendered Strife and Confusion.
Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1997.

Evans, Sara.
Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America.
New York: The Free Press, 1997.

Foucault, Michel.
The History of Sexuality. Vol. I
,
An Introduction
. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage, 1990.

Fradenburg, Louis O., and Carla Freccero. “Introduction: The Pleasures of History.”
GLQ: A Journal of Gay and Lesbian Studies
1, no. 4 (1995): 371-84.

Fraser, Walter J., Jr. “Three Views of Old Higbee School.”
West Tennessee Historical Society Papers
, no. 20 (1996): 46-60.

Gilman, Sander L.
Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness
. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985.

Harkins, John E.
Metropolis of the American Nile: An Illustrated History of Memphis and Shelby County.
Woodland Hills, Calif.: Windsor Publications, 1982.

Harris, Ruth.
Murder and Madness: Medicine, Law and Society and the Fin de Siecle
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Hodes, Martha.
White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South
. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.

Hutchins, Fred L.
What Happened in Memphis.
Kingsport, Tenn.: Kingsport Press, 1965.

Jones, Ann.
Women Who Kill
. New York: The Feminist Press at CUNY, 2009.

Katz, Jonathan Ned.
Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A.
New York: Plume, 1992.

Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky, and Madeline D. Davis.
Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community
. New York: Routledge, 1993.

Leavitt, Judith Walzer.
Women and Health in America: Historical Readings.
Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999.

Lindquist, Lisa J. “Images of Alice: Gender, Deviancy, and a Love Murder in Memphis.”
Journal of the History of Sexuality
6, no. 1 (winter 1995): 30-61.

Maeder, Thomas.
Crime and Madness: The Origins and Evolution of the Insanity Defense
. New York: Harper and Row, 1985.

McArthur, Benjamin.
Actors and American Culture, 1880-1920
. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984.

McHugh, Kathleen Anne.
American Domesticity: From How-to Manual to Hollywood Melodrama.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Miller, William D. “Rural Ideals in Memphis at the Turn of the Century.”
West Tennessee Historical Society Papers,
no. 4 (1950): 41-49.

Newman, Louise Michele,
White Women’s Rights: The Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States
. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Newton, Esther. “The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall and the New Woman.” In
Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past
. Edited by Martin Bauml Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey Jr. New York: New American Library, 1989.

Odem, Mary.
Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885-1920
. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.

Phillips, Margaret I.
The Governors of Tennessee.
Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican, 1978.

Rosenberg, Charles.
The Trial of the Assassin Guiteau: Psychiatry and Law in the Gilded Age.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Robbins, Bruce, ed.
The Phantom Public Sphere.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.

Schudson, Michael.
Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers
. New York: Basic Books, 1981.

Sicherman, Barbara.
The Quest for Mental Health in America, 1880-1917
. New York: Arno Press, 1980.

Sigafoos, Robert A.
Cotton Row to Beale Street: A Business History of Memphis
. Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1979.

Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll.
Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian American
. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Stone, R. French.
Biography of Eminent American Physicians and Surgeons
. Indianapolis: Carlon and Hollenbeck, 1894.

Terry, Jennifer.
An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Taylor, Peter.
Modernities: A Geohistorical Interpretation
. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.

Tolnay, Stewart E., and E. M. Beck.
A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings
,
1882-1930
. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995.

Tuke, Hack. A
Dictionary of Psychological Medicine,
2 vols. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., 1892.

Ullman, Sharon R.
Sex Seen: The Emergence of Modern Sexuality in America
. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

Walker, Hugh. “A Crime of Passion? The Day the Doctor Shot the General.”
The Nashville Tennessean Magazine
, July 14, 1963.

Walkowitz, Judith R.,
City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late Victorian London.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Welter, Barbara. “The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860.”
American Quarterly
18, no. 2, part 1 (Summer, 1966): 141-74.

Wrenn, Lynette Boney.
Crisis and Commission Government in Memphis: Elite Rule in a Gilded Age City.
Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998.

Young, J. P.
The Standard History of Memphis, Tennessee
. Knoxville: H.W. Crew & Co., 1912.

BOOK: Alice + Freda Forever: A Murder in Memphis
6.61Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
ads

Other books

Dearly Loved by Blythe, Bonnie
I Will Send Rain by Rae Meadows
My Last Blind Date by Susan Hatler
Hitler's Daughter by Jackie French
Violin by Anne Rice
Kiss Me Again by Vail, Rachel
The Girl from Baghdad by Michelle Nouri
The Children by Howard Fast
Fairchild by Jaima Fixsen
LORD DECADENT'S OBSESSION by ADDAMS, BRITA


readsbookonline.com Copyright 2016 - 2024