A New History of Life (58 page)

12.
   P. Ward et al., “Abrupt and Gradual Extinction Among Late Permian Land Vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa,”
Science
307 (2005): 709–14; C. Sidor et al., “Permian Tetrapods from the Sahara Show Climate-Controlled Endemism in Pangaea”; and S. Sahney and M. J. Benton, “Recovery from the Most Profound Mass Extinction of All Time.”

13.
   R. B. Huey and P. D. Ward, “Hypoxia, Global Warming, and Terrestrial Late Permian Extinctions,”
Science
, 308, no. 5720 (2005): 398–401.

14.
   P. Ward et al., “Abrupt and Gradual Extinction Among Late Permian Land Vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa.”

  
1.
   The high heat in the lowest Triassic strata is a major confirmation of the greenhouse extinction model.

  
2.
   S. Schoepfer et al., “Cessation of a Productive Coastal Upwelling System in the Panthalassic Ocean at the Permian–Triassic Boundary,”
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
313–14 (2012): 181–88.

  
3.
   The history of reefs was looked at in our chapter on the Ordovician. George Stanley remains the primary expertise. G. D. Stanley Jr., ed.,
Paleobiology and Biology of Corals
, Paleontological Society Papers, vol. 1 (Boulder, CO: The Paleontological Society, 1996), and a very accessible work on many aspects of
modern as well as ancient reefs: G. Stanley Jr., “Corals and Reefs: Crises, Collapse and Change,” presented as a Paleontological Society short course at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America, Minneapolis, MN, October 8, 2011.

  
4.
   P. C. Sereno, “The Origin and Evolution of Dinosaurs,”
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
25 (1997): 435–89; P. C. Sereno et al., “Primitive Dinosaur Skeleton from Argentina and the Early Evolution of Dinosauria,”
Nature
361 (1993): 64–66; P. C. Sereno and A. B. Arcucci, “Dinosaurian Precursors from the Middle Triassic of Argentina:
Lagerpeton chanarensis
,”
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
13 (1994): 385–99. Other important works on early dinosaur and other vertebrate evolution: M. J. Benton, “Dinosaur Success in the Triassic: A Noncompetitive Ecological Model,”
Quarterly Review of Biology
58 (1983): 29–55; M. J. Benton, “The Origin of the Dinosaurs,” in C. A.-P. Salense, ed.,
III Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontología de Dinosaurios y su Entorno
(Burgos, Spain: Salas de los Infantes, 2006), 11–19; A. P. Hunt et al., “Late Triassic Dinosaurs from the Western United States,”
Geobios
31 (1998): 511–31; R. B. Irmis et al., “A Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage from New Mexico and the Rise of Dinosaurs,”
Science
317 (2007): 358–61; R. B. Irmis et al., “Early Ornithischian Dinosaurs: The Triassic Record,”
Historical Biology
19 (2007):, 3–22; S. J. Nesbitt et al., “A Critical Re-evaluation of the Late Triassic Dinosaur Taxa of North America,”
Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
5 (2007): 209–43; S. J. Nesbitt et al., “Ecologically Distinct Dinosaurian Sister Group Shows Early Diversification of Ornithodira,”
Nature
464 (2010): 95–98.

  
5.
   D. R. Carrier, “The Evolution of Locomotor Stamina in Tetrapods: Circumventing a Mechanical Constraint,”
Paleobiology
13 (1987): 326–41.

  
6.
   E. Schachner, R. Cieri, J. Butler, G. Farmer, “Unidirectional Pulmonary Airflow Patterns in the Savannah Monitor Lizard,”
Nature
506, no. 7488 (2013): 367–70.

  
7.
   A. F. Bennett, “Exercise Performance of Reptiles,” in J. H. Jones et al., eds.,
Comparative Vertebrate Exercise Physiology: Phyletic Adaptations
, Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine, vol. 3 (New York: Academic Press, 1994), 113–38.

  
8.
   N. Bardet, “Stratigraphic Evidence for the Extinction of the Ichthyosaurs,”
Terra Nova
4 (1992): 649–56. See also C. W. A. Andrews,
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay. Based on the Leeds Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), London.
Part II (London: 1910): 1–205, as well as the wonderful new summary by R. Motani, “The Evolution of Marine Reptiles,”
Evolution: Education and Outreach
2, no. 2 (2009): 224–35.

  
9.
   P. Ward et al., “Sudden Productivity Collapse Associated with the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary Mass Extinction,”
Science
292 (2001): 115–19; P. Ward et al., “Isotopic Evidence Bearing on Late Triassic Extinction Events, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, and Implications for the Duration and Cause of the Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction,”
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
224, nos. 3–4: 589–600. Our later work in Nevada and back in the Queen Charlottes expanded on this isotopic anomaly. K. H. Williford et al., “An Extended Stable Organic Carbon Isotope Record Across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary in the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada,”
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
244, nos. 1–4 (2006): 290–96.

10.
   P. E. Olsen et al., “Ascent of Dinosaurs Linked to an Iridium Anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary,”
Science
296, no. 5571 (2002): 1305–07.

11.
   J. P. Hodych and G. R. Dunning, “Did the Manicougan Impact Trigger End-of-Triassic Mass Extinction?”
Geology
20, no. 1 (1992): 51–54; L. H. Tanner et al., “Assessing the Record and Causes of Late Triassic Extinctions,”
Earth-Science Reviews
65, nos. 1–2 (2004): 103–39; J. H. Whiteside et al., “Compound-Specific Carbon Isotopes from Earth’s Largest Flood Basalt Eruptions Directly Linked to the End-Triassic Mass Extinction,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
107, no. 15 (2010): 6721–25; M. H. L. Deenen et al., “A New Chronology for the End-Triassic Mass Extinction,”
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
291, no. 1–4 (2010): 113–25.

  
1.
   And just as we pay homage to Bob Bakker, no student of the dinosaurs can do without the magnificent
The Dinosauria
by D. B. Weishampel et al., (Oakland: University of California Press, 2004). Heavy, hefty, and expensive, it is the definitive treatise still in 2014.

  
2.
   There is now an extensive literature on air sacs in dinosaurs. Bob Bakker was the first to point it out, and the work of Gregory Paul greatly expanded on this hypothesis.

  
3.
   D. Fastovsky and D. Weishampel,
The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 2005).

  
4.
   P. O’Connor and L. Claessens, “Basic Avian Pulmonary Design and Flow-Through Ventilation in Non-Avian Theropod Dinosaurs,”
Nature
436, no. 7048 (2005): 253–56, but see the contrary view of J. A. Ruben et al., “Pulmonary Function and Metabolic Physiology of Theropod Dinosaurs,”
Science
283, no. 5401 (1999): 514–16.

  
5.
   W. J. Hillenius and J. A. Ruben, “The Evolution of Endothermy in Terrestrial Vertebrates: Who? When? Why?”
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
77, no. 6 (2004): 1019–1042. The work of Greg Erickson is also essential: G. M. Erickson et al., “Tyrannosaur Life Tables: An Example of Nonavian Dinosaur Population Biology,”
Science
313, no. 5784 (2006): 213–17; whereas the important career work of de Ricqlès is summarized in A. de Ricqlès et al., “On the Origin of High Growth Rates in Archosaurs and their Ancient Relatives: Complementary Histological Studies on Triassic Archosauriforms and the Problem of a ‘Phylogenetic Signal’ in Bone Histology,”
Annales de Paléontologie
94, no. 2 (2008): 57.

  
6.
   K. Carpenter,
Eggs, Nests, and Baby Dinosaurs: A Look at Dinosaur Reproduction
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000).

  
1.
   R. Takashima, “Greenhouse World and the Mesozoic Ocean,”
Oceanography
19, no. 4 (2006): 82–92.

  
2.
   A. S. Gale, “The Cretaceous World,” in S. J. Culver and P. F. Raqson, eds.,
Biotic Response to Global Change: The Last 145 Million Years
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 4–19.

  
3.
   T. J. Bralower et al., “Dysoxic-Anoxic Episodes in the Aptian-Albian (Early Cretaceous),” in
The Mesozoic Pacific: Geology, Tectonics and Volcanism
, M. S. Pringle et al., eds. (Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union, 1993), 5–37.

  
4.
   B. T. Huber et al., “Deep-Sea Paleotemperature Record of Extreme Warmth During the Cretaceous,”
Geology
30 (2002): 123–26; A. H. Jahren, “The Biogeochemical Consequences of the Mid-Cretaceous Superplume,”
Journal of Geodynamics
34 (2002): 177–91; I. Jarvis et al., “Microfossil Assemblages and the Cenomanian-Turonian (Late Cretaceous) Oceanic Anoxic Event,”
Cretaceous Research
9 (1988): 3–103. The work on heteromorphic ammonites including buoyancy has been conducted by Ward and many colleagues around the world.
Ammonoid Paleobiology
, Neil Landman et al., eds. (Springer, 1996), is an excellent introduction. The orientation of
Baculites
was ascertained using scale wax models, in P. Ward, Ph.D. thesis, McMaster University, Ontario Canada, 1976.

  
5.
   The wonderful study (one of many!) by Neil Landman and his colleagues was discussed in N. H. Landman et al., “Methane Seeps as Ammonite Habitats in the U.S. Western Interior Seaway Revealed by Isotopic Analyses of Well-preserved Shell Material,”
Geology
40, no. 6 (2012): 507. Other new findings by this group were reported in N. H. Landman et al., “The Role of Ammonites in the Mesozoic Marine Food Web Revealed by Jaw Preservation,”
Science
331, no. 6013 (2011): 70–72, showing for the first time the feeding mechanisms of baculitid ammonites as well as insight into their food sources.

  
6.
   Ibid.

  
7.
   G. J. Vermeij, “The Mesozoic Marine Revolution: Evidence from Snails, Predators and Grazers,”
Palaeobiology
3 (1977): 245–58.

  
8.
   S. M. Stanley, “Predation Defeats Competition on the Seafloor,”
Paleobiology
34, no. 1 (2008): 1–21.

  
9.
   T. Baumiller et al., “Post-Paleozoic Crinoid Radiation in Response to Benthic Predation Preceded the Mesozoic Marine Revolution,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
107, no. 13 (2010): 5893–96.

10.
   T. Oji, “Is Predation Intensity Reduced with Increasing Depth? Evidence from the West Atlantic Stalked Crinoid Endoxocrinus parrae (Gervais) and Implications for the Mesozoic Marine Revolution,”
Palaeobiology
22 (1996): 339–51.

  
1.
   L. W. Alvarez et al., “Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction,”
Science
208, no. 4448 (1980): 1095. This was later followed by the discovery of the crater itself: A. R. Hildebrand et al., “Chicxulub Crater: A Possible Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Impact Crater on the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico,”
Geology
19 (1991): 867–71.

  
2.
   P. Schulte et al. “The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary,”
Science
327, no. 5970 (2005): 1214–18.

  
3.
   J. Vellekoop et al., “Rapid Short-Term Cooling Following the Chicxulub Impact at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
111, no 21 (2014): 7537–7541.

  
4.
   Discussions of this site and the extinction pattern recorded there are in many references, but we rather presumptuously suggest P. Ward,
Under a Green Sky: Global Warming, the Mass Extinctions of the Past, and What They Can Tell Us About Our Future
(Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 2007).

  
5.
   See also the excellent review by our colleague David Jablonski: D. Jablonski, “Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion),”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
344, 1307 (1994): 11–17.

  
6.
   D. M. Raup and D. Jablonski, “Geography of End-Cretaceous Marine Bivalve Extinctions,”
Science
260, 5110 (1993): 971–73. P. M. Sheehan and D. E. Fastovsky, “Major Extinctions of Land-Dwelling Vertebrates at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary, Eastern Montana,”
Geology
20 (1992): 556–60; R. K. Bambach et al., “Origination, Extinction, and Mass Depletions of Marine Diversity,”
Paleobiology
30, no. 4 (2004): 522–42. D. J. Nichols and K. R. Johnson,
Plants and the K–T Boundary
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); P. Ward et al., “Ammonite and Inoceramid Bivalve Extinction Patterns in Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Sections of the Biscay Region (Southwestern France, Northern Spain),”
Geology
19, no. 12 (1991): 1181–84; but see the dissenting N. MacLeod et al., “The Cretaceous-Tertiary Biotic Transition,”
Journal of the Geological Society
154, no. 2 (1997): 265–92.
    Also see P. Shulte et al., “The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary,”
Science
327, no. 5970 (2010): 1214–18.

  
7.
   V. Courtillot et al., “Deccan Flood Basalts at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary?”
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
80, nos. 3–4 (1986): 361–74; C. Moskowitz, “New Dino-Destroying Theory Fuels Hot Debate,” space.com, October 18, 2009.