70
See Malcom Gladwell,
The Tipping Point
(New York: Little, Brown & Company, 2002).
71
John Potterat, personal communication with author, May 29, 2008.
Chapter 5
2
Cynthia A. Taylor, Mary L. Keller, Judith J. Egan (1997), “Advice from Affected Persons about Living with Human Papillomavirus Infection,”
Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship
29, no. 1 (1997):27â32; J. Waller, L. A. V. Marlow, J. Wardle, “The association between knowledge of HPV and feelings of stigma, shame and anxiety,”
Sexually Transmitted Infections
83 (2007): 155â59.
3
Michael Reitano, “Counseling Patients with Genital Warts,”
American Journal of Medicine
102, 5A (1997): 38â43
4
H. M. Conaglen, R. Hughes, J. V. Conaglen, J. Morgan, “A prospective study of the psychological impact on patients of first diagnosis of human papillomavirus,”
International Journal of STD&AIDS
, 12 (2001): 651â58.
5
The frequency of outbreaks may eventually diminish after several years.
6
R. Patel et al, “Patients' perspectives on the burden of recurrent genital herpes,”
International Journal of STD & AIDS 12
(2001): 640â45.
9
www.ashastd.org
: “Just remember that almost everyone gets HPV at some time... the virus is so common that having only a single lifetime partner does not assure protection... anyone who has ever had sexual relations has a high chance of being exposed to this virus”;
www.GoAskAlice.com
: “As you probably realize, the only way to be 100% percent certain you don't get any infections is to not have any oral, vaginal, or anal sex. Most people eventually decide to take the plunge and explore the joys of sex.”
www.scarleteen.com
: “What's the answer? There isn't an easy one. In most cases, if you simply chose to abstain from all sexual activities, forever, you could like avoid HPV and HSV-2. But very few people are going to do that. . . . ”
10
Margaret R. H. Nusbaum et al, “Sexually Transmitted Infections and Increased Risk of Co-Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus,”
Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
104, no.12 (2004): 527.
13
Susan Rosenthal et al, “Heterosexual Romantic Relationships and Sexual Behaviors of Young Adolescent Girls,”
Journal of Adolescent Health
21 (1997):238â43.
15
“Survey Indicates Nearly 1 in 10 US Adolescents Had Major Depressive Episode in 2004,”
CNS Spectrum
11, no.2 (February 2006): 83; “Suicide Rates Increasing in Girls,”
Psychiatric Annals
37, no.10 (2007): 663.
16
Diana Mahoney, “Educate Patients about Asymptomatic Herpes,”
Clinical Psychiatry News
, May 22, 2008, 54.
17
Graph: “Fifty-Five Percent of Teens Aged 15-17 Say Depression Is a Big Concern,” source: The Henry J Kaiser Foundation; from
Clinical Psychiatry News
, February 2004, 61.
18
Darron R. Brown, “A Longitudinal Study of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in a Cohort of Closely Followed Adolescent Women,”
Journal of Infectious Diseases
191 (2005): 182â92.
19
Rachel L. Winer et al, “Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection: Incidence and Risk Factors in a Cohort of Female University Students,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
157 (2003): 218â26; Rachel L. Winer, Qinghua Feng, James P. Hughes, Sandra O'Reilly, Nancy B. Kiviat, and Laura A. Koutsky, “Risk of female human papillomavirus acquisition associated with first male sex partner,”
Journal of Infectious Diseases
197, no.2 (2008): 279â82.
21
Charles J. N. Lacey , “Therapy for genital human papillomavirus-related disease,”
Journal of Clinical Virology
32S (2005): S82âS90
22
This study was done prior to the HPV vaccine.
23
Rachel Winer et al, “Condom Use and the Risk of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in Young Women,”
New England Journal of Medicine
354 (2006): 25.
24
Rachel L. Winer et al, “Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection: Incidence and Risk Factors in a Cohort of Female University Students,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
157 (2003): 218â26.
28
Jeffrey M. Partridge et al, “Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men: Incidence and Risk Factors in a Cohort of University Students,”
Journal of Infectious Diseases
, 196 (October 2007): 1128â36;
The same finding had been reported eight years earlier: C. Sonnex, S. Strauss, J. J. Gray, “Detection of human papillomavirus DNA on the fingers of patients with genital warts,”
Sexually Transmitted Infections
, 75 (1999):317â19.
29
Tom Paulson, “New risks discovered for HPV,”
Seattle Post Intelligencer
, July 31, 2007.
32
Unless parents can be certain that their daughter will delay sexual behavior until entering into a faithful relationship with a man who also waited, parents should have their daughters vaccinated, but I don't support state laws mandating such vaccinations.
33
Gypsyamber D'Souza et al, “Case-Control Study of Human Papillomavirus and Oropharyngeal Cancer,”
The New England Journal of Medicine
, 356 (2007): 1944â56.
35
Oral cancers due to HPV are more prevalent in men.
36
Bonnie Halpern-Felsher et al, “Oral Versus Vaginal Sex Among Adolescents: Perceptions, Attitiudes, and Behavior,”
Pediatrics
115, no.4 (2005): 845.
37
Site recommended to teens by SIECUS.
41
Miriam Grossman,
Unprotected: A Campus Psychiatrist Reveals How Political Correctness in Her Profession Endangers Every Student
(New York: Penguin Sentinel, 2007).
42
Steven S. Witkin, personal communication with author, May 14, 2005.
43
D. Patton et al, “Significant Reduction in the Macaque model of Chlamydial Pelvic Inflammatory Disease with Azithromycin Treatment,”
Journal of Infectious Diseases
, 192 (July 2005): 129â35.
44
Steven S. Witkin et al, “Unsuspected Chlamydia trachomatis infection and in vitro fertilization outcome,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
171, no.5: 1213;
www.specialtylabs.com
.
45
Joseph Debattista et al (2003), “Immunopathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomis infections in women,”
Fertility and Sterility
79, no. 6 (2003): 1273â87.
46
S. Faro, D. E. Soper, eds.,
Infectious Diseases in Women
(Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2001), 261â2.
47
D. L. Sipkin, A. Gillam, L. B. Grady, “Risk Factors for Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in a California Collegiate Population,”
Journal of American College Health
52, no.2: 65â71.
49
Stuart N. Seidman and Sevgi Oketn Aral, “Behavioral Aspects of Pelvic Inflammatory disease,” in
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
, Daniel Landers and Richard Sweet, eds. (New York: Springer, 1997), 181.
50
Steven S. Witkin et al, “Unsuspected Chlamydia trachomatis infection and in vitro fertilization outcome,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
171, no. 5 (1994): 1213.
51
A. Neuer et al, “Heat Shock Protein Expression during Gametogenesis and Embryogenesis,”
Infectious Diseases in Ob Gyn
7, i1-2 (1999): 10â16; A. Neuer et al, “Humoral Immune Response to membrane components of Chlamydia trachomatis and expression of human 60 kDa heat shock protein in follicular fluid of in-vitro fertilization patients,”
Human Reproduction
12, no.5 (1997): 925.
54
“Ice, Ice Baby,”
Elle Magazine
, April 2004; available at
http://www.extendfertility.com/downloads/documents/elle-200404-ice_ice_baby.pdf
: “Most of the women who come in here are healthy,” said the director of the largest fertility clinic in San Francisco. “They're here because they're forty.” Also see
Chronicle of Higher Education
, January 26, 2007, “This year's freshman at 4 year colleges: a statistical profile.”
55
Miriam Grossman,
Unprotected
, 122.
58
Claudia Kalb, “Should You Have Your Baby Now?”
Newsweek
, August 13, 2001.
60
“Age and Fertility, a Guide for Patients,” (American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 2003) 3: “If you are a healthy thirty-year-old woman, you have about a 20 percent chance per month to get pregnant. By age 40 however, your chance is only about 5 percent per month.”
61
Sylvia Ann Hewlett,
Creating a Life: Professional Women and the Quest for Children
, (Miramax: 2002), 33.
63
Harrell W. Chesson, John M. Blandford, Thomas L. Gift, Guoyu Tao, Kathleen L. Irwin, “The estimated direct medical cost of sexually transmitted diseases among American youth, 2000.”
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
JanâFeb, 2004.
Chapter 6
1
Lesbians who have never had sexual contact with a male have lower rates of STIs than straight women, but this group constitutes a small minority.
In a study of 1,400 women who have sex with women, only 7 percent reported never having had sexual contact with a male (Fethers 2000).
3
Mitchel L. Zoler, “Syphilis Rising in Men Who Have Sex with Men,”
Clinical Psychiatry News
(April 2005): 30.
4
Esther Drill, Heather McDonald, and Rebecca Odes,
Deal With It! A Whole New Approach to Your Body, Brain, and Life as a gURL
(New York: Pocket Books, 1999), 141.
6
“Common” does not mean “normal.”
9
Esther Drill, Heather McDonald, and Rebecca Odes,
Deal With It!
, 139.
10
(With the usual admonition to practice safe sex.)