Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of Albert O. Hirschman (104 page)

59
. AOH, interview, 11 Mar. 2002.

60
. SH, interview, 16 Aug. 2005.

61
. Robert Triffin to AOH, 19 May 1952 and Howard Ellis to AOH, 12 May 1952, box 39, folder 1, AOHP.

62
. Brown Notebook, n.d., PP.

  
1
. Confidential File on Albert O Hirschman, FOIPA No. 1030518-000, Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC. Unless otherwise noted, all quotations are from this document.

  
2
. “Fellowship Card, Otto Albert Hirschmann,” Series US-HSS, RAC.

  
3
. AOH to UH, 13 Jan. 1946, PP.

  
4
. Dauzat interview, p. 49.

  
1
. Richard Bird, interview, 5 Aug. 2009.

  
2
. Cited in Michele Alacevich,
The Political Economy of the World Bank: The Early Years
(Stanford: SUP, 2009), p. 13; Amy L.S. Staples,
The Birth of Development: How the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization, and the World Health Organization Changed the World, 1945-1965
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006), pp. 24–30; Mary S. Morgan, “ ‘On a Mission’ with Mutable Mobiles,” Working
Paper on the Nature of Evidence, London School of Economics, August 2008, pp. 5–6.

  
3
. Edward Mason and Robert E. Asher,
The World Bank Since Bretton Woods
(Washington: Brookings Institution, 1973), pp. 161–163.

  
4
. On Currie, see Roger J. Sandilands,
The Life and Political Economy of Lauchlin Currie
(Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1990); Federal Bureau of Investigation, Investigative Report 101-3616, US National Archives.

  
5
.
The Basis of a Development Program for Colombia
, Report of a Mission Headed by Lauchlin Currie (Washington DC: IBRD, 1950).

  
6
. Eugene R. Black to President Ospina Pérez, 27 July 1950, Currie Mission Files, WBGA. There had been some grumbling. One bank official wondered whether the mission hadn’t missed some rather obvious complexities. Foremost among them were the effects of the civil war, which threatened to undermine the whole effort, or at the very least shake the confidence in the figures upon which the grand plan was premised. Others worried about more technical matters, like the scant attention to the private sector and investors inside Colombia. Was the private sector really so inert and deprived of funds? There were doubts about the balance of payments estimates—the very concern that had motivated so much of Hirschman’s dissenting reports about Europe’s “dollar gap” when he was working for the Fed. Currie himself worried in a confidential letter to the vice president of the World Bank that the civil strife in the country posed awkward questions about the prospects of good government, without adding that in large swaths of the country there was no government at all. But in public, and in light of the haste with which the chief sought to publish his report, little room was made for doubt or alternatives. When some Colombians sought input on the report, Currie batted them down; any study could be indefinite. Under the circumstances “I must be content in doing the best job I can in the limited time available.” Lauchlin Currie to Juan de Dios Ceballos, 14 Feb. 1950 and Currie to Robert Garner, 5 Sept. 1950, Currie Mission Files, WBGA.

  
7
.
Development Program for Colombia
, pp. 356 and 593.

  
8
. AOH to Emilio Toro, 11 Apr. 1952, box 39, folder,1, AOHP; Alacevich,
Political Economy
, p. 53.

  
9
. AOH to Burke Knapp, 18 Sept. 1952, box 39, folder 1, AOHP.

10
. Sandilands,
Lauchlin Currie
, p. 175; Alacevich,
Political Economy
, p. 56.

11
. AOH, “The Effects of Industrialization on the Markets of Industrial Countries,” in
The Progress of Underdeveloped Areas
, ed. Bert Hoselitz (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952), pp. 270–283; AOH, interview, 11 Mar. 2002.

12
. Alexander Gerschenkron, “Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective,” in ibid.

13
. SH to Helen Jaszi, Saturday, 1952, PP.

14
. SH to Helen Jaszi, 11 Aug. 1952, PP.

15
. AOH, “Lisa’s Questions,” p. 6, PP.

16
. Howard Ellis to AOH, 12 May 1952, box 39, folder 1, AOHP.

17
. Alacevich,
Political Economy
, p. 85.

18
. Informe Anual del Consejo Nacional, p. 37; Roger Sandilands to Osvaldo Feinstein, 9 Mar. 2003, in author’s possession.

19
. Jacques Torfs,
The Basis of a Development Program for Colombia
, Appendix A, National Accounts (Washington DC: IBRD, n.d.); “Informe Annual del Consejo Nacional de Planificación” (1953), p. 6, Banco de la Republica Archives; AOH, interview, 24 Mar. 2002; Burke Knapp to AOH, 7 Nov. 1952, box 39, folder 1, AOHP; AOH to Burke Knapp, 1 May 1954, box 39, folder 1, AOHP; “Conversation with Clifford Geertz and Albert Hirschman,” IAS, 27 Jan. 1976, box 10, folder 3, AOHP; AOH, “A Dissenter’s Confession: The Strategy of Economic Development Revisited,” in
Rival Views of the Market and Other Recent Essays
(New York: Viking, 1986), pp. 90–91.

20
. AOH to Howard Ellis, 18 Apr. 1953, box 39, folder 1, AOHP.

21
. AOH to Burke Knapp, 20 Nov. 1952, box 39, folder 1, AOHP.

22
. Research Project, “Case Studies of Instances of Successful Economic Development in Colombia,” 8 Mar. 1954, box 36, folder 4, AOHP.

23
. AOH to Knapp, 16 Sept. 1953, box 39, folder 1, AOHP.

24
. AOH, interview, 11 Mar. 2002.

25
. Memo, 15 May 1954, box 39, folder 3, AOHP.

26
. Burke Knapp to AOH, 10 May 1954, box 39, folder 1, AOHP; SH to Helen Jaszi, 14 Apr. 1954, PP; SH, interview, 8 Aug. 2005.

27
. AOH to George Jaszi, n.d., PP.

28
. AOH to UH, 2 Sept. 1953 and SH to Helen Jaszi, 4 Feb. 1954, PP.

29
. SH to Helen Jaszi, 5 July 1954, PP.

30
. “The Market for Pulp and Paper in Colombia,” 15 June 1956, box 37, folder 2, AOHP.

31
. “Colombia: Highlights of a Developing Economy”; “Present and Prospective Fiscal Position of the Empresas Municipales de Cali,” box 36, folder 6, AOHP.

32
. Dauzat interview, p. 17; SH to Helen Jaszi, 12 Jan. 1956, PP.

33
. AOH to George Jaszi, n.d., PP; 4 Feb. 1956 Entry by Montague Yudelman, folder 282, box 43, series 200, RG 2, RAC.

34
. “Nicaragua Notes,” Sunday, 28 Mar., box 36, folder 4, AOHP; SH to Helen Jaszi, 15 May 1955, PP.

35
. SH to Helen Jaszi, Saturday, 1952, PP.

36
. KS to author, 5 Oct. 2008, in author’s possession.

37
. Dauzat interview, p. 12.

38
. Lore Friedman, interview, 6 July 2004; SH to Helen Jaszi, 3 Sept. 1953, PP.

39
. SH, interview, 3 Mar. 2004.

40
. Lore Friedman, interview, 6 July 2004.

41
. SH, interview, 8 Aug. 2005.

42
. HH to AOH, 17 Sept. 1956, PP.

43
. AOH to George Jaszi, n.d., 1954, PP.

44
. Nils Gilman,
Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), pp. 161–165.

45
. “Economics and Investment Planning,” in
Investment Criteria and Economic Growth
mimeo (Cambridge, MA: Center for International Studies, M.I.T., 1954); published by Asia Publishing House, New York, 1961, p. 41.

46
. “Economic Policy in Underdeveloped Countries,”
Economic Development and Cultural Change
5:4 (July 1957), pp. 362–370.

47
. SH to Helen Jaszi, 14 Feb. 1956, PP.

  
1
. SH to Helen Jaszi, 9 Nov. 1952, PP; KS to author, 21 Aug. 2007, in author’s possession.

  
2
. AOH, interview, 6 July 2002, Lloyd Reynolds to AOH, 13 July 1956, and Tom Schelling to AOH, 6 Aug. 1956, Filename: Yale 1956–58, box 83, AOHP.

  
3
. AOH to Lloyd Reynolds, 7 Jan. 1981, box 11, folder 8, AOHP.

  
4
. Nils Gilman,
Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), pp. 190–197.

  
5
. AOH, interview, 6 July 2002; Thomas Schelling, interview, 2 Oct. 2008.

  
6
. Norman S. Buchanan to AOH, 28 Mar. 1957, folder 5196, box 607, series 200, RG 1.2, RAC; AOH to UH, 7 Apr. 1957.

  
7
. “Some Suggestions for Social Science and Economic Research in Latin America,” May 1958, folder 120, box 15, series 300, RG 1.2, RAC; “Albert O. Hirschman Diary, Brazil and Colombia, Aug. 12–Sept 12, 1957,” folder 336, box 46, series 300, RG 6 (1957), RAC.

  
8
. Alexandre Kafka, “The Theoretical Interpretation of Latin American Economic Development,” in
Economic development for Latin America
, ed. Howard Ellis (New York: Macmillan, 1961), p. 1; AOH, interview 15 July 2002.

  
9
. Albert O Hirschman Diary, Brazil and Colombia, folder 336, box 46, series 300, RG 6 (1957), RAC.

10
. AOH to UH, 12 Jan. 1957, PP.

11
. SH, interview, 16 Aug. 2005.

12
. AOH to UH, 12 Jan. 1957, PP; Some basic principles of
Strategy
can be found in “Investment Policies and ‘Dualism’ in Underdeveloped Countries,”
American Economic Review
47:5 (September 1957), pp. 550–570.

13
. AOH to UH, 27 Jan. 1958, PP.

14
. “Outline of a Proposed Study, 1957–1958,” 1 Apr. 1957, folder 5196, box 607, series 200, RG 1.2, RAC.

15
. Strategy Notes, file 1, box 80, folder, 16, AOHP; Burke,
Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol
, in
The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke
(London: Henry G. Bohn), vol. 2, p. 29.

16
. Strategy Notes, file 2, box 80, folder 16, AOHP.

17
. Ibid.

18
. Ibid.

19
. Ibid.

20
. Ibid.

21
. Quotes from “For Lisa, 6 June 1967,” PP.

22
. AOH to UH, 19 Oct. 1957, PP.

23
. AOH, “Three Basic Ideas from My Book to Be Developed,” box 8, folder 13, AOHP.

24
. AOH, “The Economics of Development Planning,” Institute on ICA Development Programming, 15 May 1959, Strategy Notes, file 2, box 80, folder 16, AOHP. This paper would later appear as the preface of the 1961 paperback edition.

25
. AOH to UH, 23 Aug. 1958, PP.

26
. AOH to J.R. Hicks, 12 Aug. 1959,
Strategy
Fan Mail, box 80, folder 14, AOHP.

27
. Roy Harrod to AOH, 8 June 1963,
Strategy
Fan Mail, box 80, folder 14, AOHP.

28
. Hollis B. Chenery,
American Economic Review
49:5 (December 1959), pp. 1063–1065.

29
. AOH to Coos Polak, 20 Aug. 1959,
Strategy
Fan Mail, box 80, folder 14, AOHP; AOH to Hollis Chenery, 8 Aug. 1959,
Strategy
Corresp., box 80, folder 12, AOHP.

30
. Amartya Sen,
Economic Journal
70 (September 1960), p. 590–594; Amartya Sen, interview, 3 June 2010.

31
. C.P. Kindleberger,
Yale Review
48 (Spring 1959), pp. 440–442.

32
. AOH to Paul Streeten, 5 May 1958,
Strategy
Corresp., box 80, folder 12, AOHP.

  
1
. AOH to UH, 19 Oct. 1957, PP.

  
2
. Kathryn Sikkink,
Ideas and Institutions: Developmentalism in Brazil and Argentina
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991); Peter Hall, ed.,
The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism across Nations
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).

  
3
. AOH, “Some Suggestions for Social Science and Economic Research in Latin America,” May 1958, folder 120, box 15, series 300, RG 1.2, RAC.

  
4
. AOH to Leland C. De Vinney, 20 June 1958, folder 5196, box 607, series 200, RG 1.2, RAC.

  
5
. AOH, “Some Suggestions for Social Science and Economic Research on Latin America,” folder 120, box 15, series 300, RG 1.2, RAC; AOH to De Vinney, 23 July 1958, folder 5196, box 607, series 200, RG 1.2, RAC. I am grateful to conversations with Mary Morgan on these points. For more on “the field,” see Henrika Kuklick and Robert E. Kohler, introduction to
Science in the Field
,
Osiris
, vol. 11 (1986), pp. 1–10.

  
6
. Alex Abella,
Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire
(New York: Harcourt, 2008), p. 49; Saul Friedman, “The RAND Corporation and Our Policy Makers,”
Atlantic
(September 1963), 63; Joseph Kraft, “RAND: Arsenal for Ideas,”
Harper’s Magazine
(July 1960), 74; Bruce L. R. Smith,
The Rand Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966), 125–126.

  
7
. G. Marine, “ ‘Think Factory’ De Luxe–The Air Force’s Project RAND,”
Nation
188 (1959), pp. 131–135.

  
8
. Friedman, “The RAND Corporation,” 63; Kraft, “RAND: Arsenal for Ideas,” 74.

  
9
. Charles Lindblom, memo to Hirschman, n.d., p. 8, box 68, folder 15, AOHP.

10
. AOH and SH, interview, 1 Aug. 2005; “Economic Development, Research and Development, and Policy Making: Some Converging Views,” in
Bias for Hope: Essays on Development and Latin America
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), pp. 63–84.