World War One: A Short History (23 page)

Ottoman Empire
see
Turkey

Papen, Lt Col Franz von,
60

Parvus (Alexander Helfand),
124

Passchendaele, battle (3rd Ypres, 1917),
112
,
113
–17,
133
; German offensive (1918),
136
–7

peace negotiations (1917),
100
–101;
see also
armistice negotiations (Western Allies); Brest-Litovsk

peace treaties (1919),
153

Pedroncini, Guy,
107
,
124

Peátain, Marshal Henri-Philippe,
79
,
107
–8,
116
,
139

Piave, Italian resistance (1917),
124

Plumer, Genl Herbert,
113
,
115
–16

poison gas, British use of,
63
,
141
; German use of,
61
–2,
118
,
121
,
134

Poland,
8
,
9
,
69
,
70

Popper, Karl,
25

Porsche, contribution to German war effort,
120
,
124
,
135
–6

Porsche, Ferdinand,
7

Portuguese army, Ypres salient (1918),
137

Potoriek, Genl,
18
–19,
43
–4

Princip, Gavrilo,
19

Prittwitz, Genl Maximilian von,
39

Przemysl,
47
,
48
,
64
–5,
69
;
see also
Carpathian campaigns

railways, eastern front,
42
–3,
67
–8; Gallipoli,
58
; strategic importance,
15
–16,
21
–2,
35
–6,
39
; western front,
35
–6,
43
,
84
,
137

Rastenburg,
40

Rawlinson, Genl Sir Henry,
140

Riezler, Kurt,
20
,
24
–5,
54
,
124

Riga offensive (1917),
118
,
132

Rommel, Captain (later Genl) Erwin,
120
,
122

Romania,
66
,
90
–91

Royal Navy,
23
; blockade,
53
–7; counters to U-Boat threat,
102
; Dardanelles disaster (1915),
58
; Jutland (1916),
82

Russia,
9
; armistice with Germany,
5
–6,
129
–30; arms race,
15
; Bolshevik revolution (1917), 30,
108
–112; civil War,
153
; German protectorate,
130
; inflation and famine,
110
–11; Ottoman Empire and,
13
–14; preparations for war,
15
–17; relations with Germany (1915),
61
; subsidized by Britain,
104
; under Stalin,
154

Russian army, Brusilov offensive (1916),
87
–91,
141
; Carpathian campaigns,
43
–4,
65
–9; casualties and losses,
40
,
69
,
70
,
71
,
80
,
90
,
91
; collapse and retreat (1915),
69
–71,
141
; communication problems,
39
; exemptions,
46
–7; Lake Narotch (1916),
80
–81; Masurian Lakes Winter battle (1915),
65
; mobilization and initial moves,
21
,
22
,
38
–44; Petrograd mutinies (1917),
108
–9; Riga (1917),
118
; siege of Przemysl (1915),
64
–5; transport problems,
47

Russo-Japanese war (1904–05),
22

Rutherford, Sir Ernest,
102

St Gond, French attacks (1914),
37

St Mihiel salient,
78
,
142

St Quentin, battle (1918),
142

Salonica,
91
,
144

Samsonov, Genl Alexander,
39
,
40

Sarajevo,
18
–19

Schiedemann, Philipp,
146

Schlieffen, Field Marshal Alfred von,
17
,
33

Schmoller, Gustav,
100

Schörner, Lt (later Genl Field Marshall) Ferdinand,
120

Schulenburg, Friedrich Graf von der,
78

Schuster, Sir Frederick,
30

Seeckt, Hans von (11th Army Chief of Staff),
69

Serbia,
13
,
18
; Austria and,
41
–4; overwhelmed (1915),
71
–2;in Salonica,
91

Sering, Max,
100

Siegfried Line,
142
–3

Smirnov, Genl,
80

Somme, battle of the (1916),
83
–7

Stalin, Joseph,
154

Stolypin, Pyotr,
16

submarines, unrestricted warfare,
97
,
98
–102

Suez Canal, Ottoman attack (1915),
49

Talat Pasha,
49
,
58
–9

tanks,
86
,
104
,
117
,
139
–41

Tannenberg, battle (1914),
40

Taylor, A. J. P.,
18

Teleszky Jaános, Baron,
30

Teschen,
47

Thionville,
34

Trade Unions, Russia,
110

trench systems and warfare,
45
–6

Trotsky, Leon,
124
,
129

Truman, Harry S.,
25

Turkey,
9
; alliance with Germany,
13
–14,
48
–9; Arab provinces,
57
,
144
; Armenians (1915),
58
–9; armistice (1918),
144
; casualties and losses,
59
; the Caucasus and,
49
,
57
,
144
; Dardanelles and Gallipoli campaign (1915–16),
57
–9; Holy War declared,
57
; loss of empire in Africa and Balkans,
12
–13;Sèvres & Lausanne Treaties (1921& 1923),
154
; warships commandeered by Britain,
48

Ukraine,
6
,
130

United States of America: armistice negotiations (1918),
146
–8; blockade and,
55
,
57
,
103
; declares war on Germany,
102
–3; German submarine warfare and,
98
–9,
100
,
102
; von Papen’s sabotage attempt,
60

United States army, in France,
133
,
138
–9,
140
,
142
,
143

Verdun,
37
,
77
–80,
105

Versailles Treaty (1919),
153
,
154
–5

Villers-Cotterêts, French counterattack (1918),
139
,
141

Vilna,
71

Vimy Ridge, battle (1917),
106

Vittorio Veneto, battle (1918),
145

war, the build up,
7
,
11
–23; illusions,
31
–2; Napoleonic parallels,
53
–4

Warsaw,
70

Weber, Max,
9
–10,
24
,
103

Wells, H. G.,
86

Wesendonck, Otto-Günther von,
130

Wilhelm II, Kaiser,
8
,
21
,
42
,
67
,
79
,
139
,
141
,
145
–6,
147
–8