WHY I WRITE: ESSAYS BY SAADAT HASAN MANTO (11 page)

My Fifth Trial (Part I)

Courts in British India functioned better than they do now. For us that time is distant, but Manto was troubled by the sudden exit of the British. In the newly-formed Pakistan, he faced a completely different moral code governed by an intolerant State. Although Manto was tried for obscenity several times in British India, it was only after Independence that his legal troubles sent him into despair. The essay which caused him the most trouble — about necrophilia during a riot – was called
Thanda Gosht. This is the first of the two essays on the subject of his fifth trial. It was published in the Lahore-based magazine, Naqoosh, in its special issue of February-March 1953. It is interesting because Manto has something to say about Naqoosh’s owner-editor in this piece, and in the next one, which was published a week later.

I’ve been tried four times in court for my writings. A fifth trial has now begun, and I wanted to report to you what happened and how it’s coming along.

The first four short stories that attracted the law’s attention were as follows:

Kali Shalwar
(Black leggings)

Dhuan
(Smoke)

Bu
(The Odour)

Thanda Gosht
(Cold Meat)

And an essay: “
Oopar, Neechay aur Darmiyan
” (Above, Below and In-between).

For
Kali Shalwar,
I had to travel from Delhi to Lahore’s courts three times.
Dhuan
and
Bu
troubled me much more, for I had to travel from Bombay to Lahore. But
Thanda Gosht
trumped them all, even though this trial happened when I was already in Pakistan and didn’t have to travel for it. No sensitive man, and I consider myself one, could have gone through the experience unscarred. A court is a place where every humiliation is inflicted, and where it must be suffered in silence.

I pray that nobody has to go to the place we call a court of law. I’ve seen no place more bizarre. And I also confess to hating the police. They’ve always treated me with the contempt they reserve for the worst sort of offender.

Anyway, it started the other day when a magazine in Karachi,
Payam-e-Mashriq
(Message of the East), published my essay “
Oopar, Neechay aur Darmiyan’
”, without my permission. They had lifted it from the Lahore paper,
Ehsan
and soon after, the Karachi government issued a warrant in my name.

I wasn’t home. Two sub-inspectors and four constables laid siege to the house. My wife told them: ‘Manto isn’t home. If you want, I’ll call him over.’ But they were insistent that I was in fact hiding inside and that she was lying. At the time, I was at the office of Chaudhry Nazir Ahmed, who owns the
Savera
magazine.

I had just begun working on a story and had written some ten lines or so when Rashid, Chaudhry Nazir’s brother, arrived. After a few moments he asked: ‘What are you writing?’

‘I’ve just begun a story,’ I said, ‘looks like it’s going to be a long one.’

‘I’ve come to give you some bad news,’ he said, ‘the police are at your place, looking for you. They think you’re home and are trying to force their way in.’

My friends, Ahmed Rahi and Hameed Akhtar were with me. They were disturbed and so we all left together in a tonga. Before leaving, we told Chaudhry Rashid to telephone all the newspapers so that whatever happened could be published the next day.

When we reached, the policemen were outside the flat. My nephew, Hamid Jalal and brother-in-law, Zaheeruddin were standing next to their cars. They were telling the police, ‘Look, if you must search the house, please do so. But believe us when we say that Manto isn’t home.’

I also spotted Abdullah Malik chatting with some of the policemen. He was a Communist, but a “fake” one. I learnt that the sub-inspectors had threatened my wife and my sister, saying that they would enter forcibly. Then they saw me enter the compound, and calmed down.

I invited them in.

The two officers were still quite stern. When I asked what they wanted, they said they had a warrant from Karachi to search my house. I was astonished.

I’m not a spy or a smuggler or a drug-pusher. I’m a writer. Why on earth would the police need to search my property? What did they expect to find?

They demanded to know: ‘Where’s your library?’

I said that here in Pakistan my “library” consisted only of a few books, including three dictionaries. The rest was left behind in Bombay. ‘If you’re looking for something in particular, I can give you the address in Bombay,’ I said. The officers ignored this and began their search of my house. It’s true that there were eight or so empty bottles of beer, but these were not remarked upon. There was a little box containing papers. The policemen went through every scrap. There were some newspaper clippings. These they seized.

At this point I asked to be shown the warrant that the Karachi government had issued.

They refused to give it and instead one of the constables held it out from afar saying: ‘Here it is.’

‘What is this?’ I asked.

‘This is the thing that brought us here,’ he said.

When I insisted on seeing it, he held it firmly in both hands and held it up, saying: ‘Read it.’ I quickly scanned it to learn that other than a search, the document was also an order for my arrest.

And immediately my thoughts turned to sureties and bail. The officers were stubborn and refused to accept any of those present as sureties. My nephew was a gazetted officer, and so was my brother-in-law. ‘You’re servants of the government,’ they were told, ‘you could be dismissed for this.’

Anyway, I was arrested and then granted bail and now I would have to go to Karachi and face another court of law. In past cases, I had submitted a doctor’s note certifying that I was too unwell to attend, but that was over now.

One interesting footnote:

I looked for someone to bail me out but none of my friends could be found in their homes. In the end, I went to Mohd Tufail, a good man who bailed me out. He is the owner of
Naqoosh
of which he is also the editor. He put up all the books in his store as surety, which was for Rs 5,000.

Another interesting footnote:

Tufail saheb put up the surety but wasn’t convinced that I would show up in court. It’s true that I didn’t have money to poison myself even if I had wanted to, leave alone make the trip. Tufail saheb came to my place, the day I had to go to Karachi, at 5 in the morning. He had with him two second class tickets. He was sending a friend of mine, Nasir Anwar, with me so that I would get to Karachi without fail. He came to drop us in a tonga and remained on the platform till the train left.

What happened to me in Karachi, I’ll tell you some other time. Because at the moment I’m too unwell to write further.

– (Originally published as
Paanchvan Muqaddama
(I))

My Fifth Trial (Part II)

This is the second essay Manto wrote on his fifth trial for obscenity. It was the last time the State would harass him, and he would die soon after the trial. The piece was published after Manto was dead.

In a previous issue of
Naqoosh
(February-March 1953) I had begun to write on this subject but wasn’t able to finish it because I was really unwell. I’m actually still unwell and feel I’ll always remain this way. Some say this illness defines me — they mean the madness of my writing.

After I wrote that first piece, Mr Tufail, owner and editor of this magazine, published an essay of his own, titled “Mr Manto”. Based on this, Ahmed Nadim Qasmi, who has unfortunately been appointed editor of
Imroze
, wrote a piece on me titled: “The Critic”.

Mr Tufail’s essay is in my opinion, quite personal about me. Some of the things he’s written shouldn’t have been made public. No man is without his weaknesses, but why put them on display? It’s true that personal trivia about writers and artists is always interesting to read and reveals something about their character. But what’s the point of such revelation when it brings the writer into disgrace?

On examination, it’s clear that whatever he may have written, Mr Tufail’s intent was not to do this. However in his emotionally-charged piece, he said things that ought not to have been said — or said in this manner.

On reading it, I wrote him this letter:

Biradaram! (My brother) — As-salaam-alekum

Last night Safiya told me you’d written a piece on me in
Naqoosh
. I couldn’t read it properly, as I was very drunk. Safiya liked the piece and so read out some bits to me. I found it offensive. I let off a volley of abuse against you and then was I able to sleep.

When I read it in the morning, I found I actually liked it. I cannot deny what you’ve written is true. I’m happy you showed no hesitation in writing this way about me.

Whatever I am, may be found in this piece of yours — and there are some things in it that may have been in me, though I cannot feel them.

Humbly

Saadat Hasan Manto

I don’t want to say anything else about the piece. What is true, I cannot escape. If I drink, I can’t deny it. If I’ve borrowed money from someone, that also is a fact. If because of such things I am thought of as a bad man, that’s fine. If I had bothered constantly about how the world saw me, I couldn’t have been the author of a hundred stories.

Mr Qasmi, after reading the essay, wrote in his piece: It’s true that personal trivia about writers and artists is always interesting to read and reveals something about their character. But what’s the point of such revelation when it brings the writer into disgrace?

I don’t know whether Mr Tufail’s essay has left me in disgrace. Anyway, let’s carry on with my story. As you may have known from reading my earlier piece, this is the fifth time I was being tried for obscenity.

My friend, Nasir Anwar and I reached Lahore station. Mr Tufail had already bought us tickets, what remained now was to get seats. We also had the problem of carrying many beer bottles which also needed seating and there was no space in the train for them either.

I remembered an acquaintance, Yaqub Taufiq, was assistant station master here. It turned out he was on duty. He quickly arranged for a couple of seats and we were off to Karachi.

The compartment we were in also had a maulvi in it. He was fingering his beads and it looked as if things might get uncomfortable. To resolve the problem, I said to Nasir: ‘Yaar, pass me a beer.’

He reached under his seat and, opening one bottle, handed it to me. Maulvi saheb got off at the next station, still fingering his beads. This reminds me — at Lahore station, a man and his wife walked into our compartment. As they looked around for their seats, I said to the man: ‘Look sir, we’re drinkers. We are carrying fifteen bottles of beer. We’ll get drunk and talk shit. You’re clearly a good man, and apparently with your wife. It’s better you go to another compartment.’

Now, as I’m writing this, Mr Tufail, who had come to ensure we boarded the train, remembered something. That man and his burqa-clad wife went to the station master and told him about the two ruffians in their compartment. The station master was surprised and said that he was talking about Saadat Hasan Manto, a thorough gentleman.

The man said: ‘No, sir, that fellow referred to himself as a drunk.’ Anyway, apparently they were given seats elsewhere and we were rid of them.

The journey to Karachi was disgusting, even in second class. The compartment was full of dust. It was only thanks to the beer that the ride was tolerable.

I had wondered about a hotel to stay in but, as usual, had no money. In any case, my wife had insisted: ‘You must stay with my brother.’ I pondered over the line:
Saari khudai ek taraf, joru ka bhai ek taraf.
So I set aside the whole world and went to the wife’s brother.

He was a decent man, had a good job and an enormous flat. He welcomed us with great warmth and gave Nasir and me the flat next door to his.

Now I had no desire to stay in Karachi. After fifteen years in Bombay, this place had nothing new for me. The next morning, we went to the magistrate’s court. It was an ordinary building in which sat the additional district magistrate in a smallish room.

I’d faced courts in Lahore and was familiar with their customs and culture. That is to say, I knew they were places where there was absolutely no culture.

I stood before the magistrate with hands crossed in front. He saw me and asked: ‘What do you want?’

I was astonished by his politeness. I said: ‘Sir, my name is Saadat Hasan Manto. You’ve summoned me for my essay “
Oopar, Neechay aur Darmiyan”
on the charge of obscenity under Section 292.’

He said: ‘Take a seat.’ I wasn’t sure whom he had asked to sit and so I remained standing.

When he noticed this, he said: ‘Please take a seat, Manto saheb.’ I took a chair facing his desk. After a while he said to me: ‘Why didn’t you come all these days?’

I said I had been unwell.

‘You could have sent a medical certificate surely,’ he said.

I lied: ‘I was too unwell to even do that.’

He heard me and was silent. Then he said: ‘What is it that you’d like done here?’

What I obviously wanted was to be rid of this damn problem. I also thought of Mr Tufail, who had put up my bail and had to safeguard it by showing up early in the morning with two second class tickets.

I said to the judge: ‘Let me off. I want to go back home.’

He replied: ‘That can’t happen immediately. I have yet to read your essay. Inshallah, I’ll read it today and decide tomorrow.’

Nasir and I said goodbye to him and went off to have a few beers. We took a motorcycle-rickshaw, which I liked. Fut-fut it goes, taking minutes for a journey that might have taken hours. It wasn’t even that expensive.

The next day we returned to court. The judge responded to my greeting and asked me to sit. This time I sat on the bench. He pulled out a paper and said: ‘I’ve written the order.’

He looked at his assistant and asked: ‘What’s the date today?’ The assistant replied:
‘Pacchees.’

I’m a little hard of hearing and thought he had fined me that sum. A twenty-five rupee fine meant I couldn’t appeal, and the sentence against me would stay. ‘Sir, a twenty-five rupee fine!’ I said to him.

I think he had actually fined me five hundred rupees but when he heard the alarm in my words, he smiled and changed it to twenty-five.

Nasir pulled out the money from his pocket, saying: ‘You’ve got off lightly. This
appeal-shapeal
business would have only brought more trouble. Remember the trial for
Thanda Gosht
?’

I remembered — and trembled at the memory. I thanked god for letting me off easily in this case.

As we were leaving, the judge said: ‘When are you going back?’

I replied, ‘Probably today.’

‘Don’t go today,’ he said, ‘I’d like to meet you.’ I became worried. Why did he need to meet me now?

‘I can wait till tomorrow,’ I said. He asked where we could meet at 4 pm.

I gave him the names of the bars we had been drinking at, but he wasn’t a drinker and so we settled on Coffee House. We showed up fifteen minutes late. The judge was already there. We chatted. After a while, he said to me with great affection: ‘Mr Manto, I think of you as one of the great writers of our time. I don’t want you to think of me as unsympathetic to you.’

I was amazed. ‘Then why did you fine me?’

He smiled: ‘I’ll tell you after a year.’

It’s been some months now, and a few months remain. Let’s see what the magistrate, who appears to be a man of his word, reveals.

– (Originally published as
Paanchvan Muqaddama (II)

in
Naqoosh
magazine, March 1953)