Vodka Politics (82 page)

24
. Mikoyan,
Tak bylo
, 353.

25
. Montefiore,
Stalin
, 520. On Khrushchev’s brutality see, for instance, Gellately,
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler
, 388.

26
. Khrushchev,
Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev
, 1:289. Also see Aleksei Adzhubei,
Kruzhenie illiuzii
(Moscow: Interbuk, 1991), 166–68; Montefiore,
Stalin
, 521.

27
. Khrushchev,
Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev
, 1:291. Also see Nikishin,
Vodka i Stalin
, 167.

28
. Montefiore,
Stalin
, 521.

29
. Khrushchev,
Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev
, 2:42.

30
. Ibid., 2:43 (emphasis added).

31
. Khrushchev,
Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev
, 1:80. See also Kees Boterbloem,
The Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896–1948
(Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2004), 259.

32
. Montefiore,
Stalin
, 326. After being demoted in 1942 and expelled from the Central Committee, Kulik allegedly became critical of Stalin, which sealed his fate. Apparently he was arrested in 1947, and after three years of inquiry and torture, he was executed in 1950. Kun,
Stalin
, 430.

33
. Allilueva,
Only One Year
, 386; Montefiore,
Stalin
, 521–22; Gorlizki, “Stalin’s Cabinet.” Poskrebyshev was often forced to hold lighted “New Year’s candles” of rolled-up paper, Stalin delighting in watching Poskrebyshev’s pain as the fiery paper burned his hands. Graham,
Vessels of Rage
, 189. Poskrebyshev arranged many show trials of the 1930s and was removed under pressure from Beria as part of the so-called doctors’ plot in 1952 but not before condemning his own wife to the gulags. Helen Rappaport,
Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion
(Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 1999), 210.

34
. Maureen Perrie,
The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin’s Russia
(New York: Palgrave, 2001), 172. On the paternalism of the tsars see Georg Brandes,
Impressions of Russia
, trans. Samuel C. Eastman (Boston: C. J. Peters & Son, 1889), 38.

35
. Khrushchev,
Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev
, 1:80.

36
. Bialer,
Stalin’s Successors
, 34–35; Gorlizki, “Stalin’s Cabinet,” 295–98; Robert Service,
Stalin: A Biography
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004), 575; Vladislav B. Aksenov,
Veselie Rusi, XX vek: gradus noveishei rossiiskoi istorii ot “p’yanogo byudzheta” do “sukhogo zakona
” (Moscow: Probel-2000, 2007), 24–25. On atomization see Hannah Arendt,
The Origins of Totalitariansim, pt. 3: Totalitarianism
(New York: Harvest/HBJ, 1968), 9–20. With regard to alcohol see Therese Reitan, “The Operation Failed, but the Patient Survived. Varying Assessments of the Soviet Union’s Last Anti-Alcohol Campaign,”
Communist and Post-Communist Studies
34, no. 2 (2001): 255–56.

37
. See
chapter 10
. Also see Friedrich Engels,
The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844
(London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1892), 127–29; Mark D. Steinberg,
Voices of Revolution, 1917
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001), 24–25; Vladimir I. Lenin,
Polnoe Sobranie Sochinenii
, vol. 43 (Moscow: Political Literature Publishers, 1967), 326. More generally see Charles van Onselen, “Randlords and Rotgut 1886–1903: An Essay on the Role of Alcohol in the Development of European Imperialism and Southern African Capitalism, with Special Reference to Black Mineworkers in the Transvaal Republic,”
History Workshop
1, no. 2 (1976).

38
. A. Krasikov, “Commodity Number One (Part 2),” in
The Samizdat Register
, vol. 2, ed. Roy A. Medvedev (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), 163.

39
. Walter G. Moss,
A History of Russia: To 1917
(London: Anthem, 2005), 259, 302.

40
. Mikhail Gorbachev, “O zadachakh partii po korennoi perestroike upravleniya ekonomikoi: doklad na Plenume TsK KPSS 25 iyunya 1987 goda,” in
Izbrannye rechi i stat’i
, vol. 5 (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1988), 158. On Europe see Stephen Smith, “Economic Issues in Alcohol Taxation,” in
Theory and Practice of Excise Taxation: Smoking, Drinking, Gambling, Polluting and Driving
, ed. Sijbren Cnossen (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 57–60.

41
. Krasikov, “Commodity Number One (Part 2),” 169.

42
. Viktor Erofeev,
Russkii apokalipsis: opyt khudozhestvennoi eskhatologii
(Moscow: Zebra E, 2008), 19–20; English version reprinted as Victor Erofeyev, “The Russian God,”
New Yorker
, Dec. 16, 2002. On the relationship to Vladimir Erofeyev, Stalin’s translator, see “Stalin’s Translator Dead at 90,”
Moscow Times
, July 20, 2011,
http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/stalins-translator-dead-at-90/440793.html#axzz1SaU9kXl7
(accessed July 20, 2011.).

43
. Erofeev,
Russkii apokalipsis
, 20–21.

Chapter 2

1
. Alexander Nemtsov, “Alcohol-Related Human Losses in Russia in the 1980s and 1990s,”
Addiction
97 (2002): 1413; Judyth Twigg, “What Has Happened to Russian Society?” in
Russia after the Fall
, ed. Andrew Kuchins (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment, 2002), 172.

2
. Aleksandr Nemtsov,
Alkogol’nyi uron regionov Rossii
(Moscow: Nalex, 2003); quoted in Daria A. Khaltourina and Andrey V. Korotayev, “Potential for Alcohol Policy to Decrease the Mortality Crisis in Russia,”
Evaluation & the Health Professions
31, no. 3 (2008): 273.

3
. Melvin Goodman,
Gorbachev’s Retreat: The Third World
(New York: Praeger, 1991), 100.

4
. Jay Bhattacharya, Christina Gathmann, and Grant Miller,
The Gorbachev Anti-Alcohol Campaign and Russia’s Mortality Crisis
. NBER Working Paper Series No. 18589 (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012), 2; “Vladimir Putin on Raising Russia’s Birth Rate,”
Population and Development Review
32, no. 2 (Documents) (2006): 386; Aleksandr Nemtsov, “Tendentsii potrebleniya alkogolya i obuslovlennye alkogolem poteri zdorov’ya I zhizni v Rossii v 1946–1996 gg.,” in
Alkogol‘ i zdorov’e naseleniya Rossii: 1900–2000
, ed. Andrei K. Demin (Moscow: Rossiiskaya assotsiatsiya obshchestvennogo zdorov’ya, 1998), 105; David Zaridze et al., “Alcohol and Cause-Specific Mortality in Russia: A Retrospective Case-Control Study of 48,557 Adult Deaths,”
The Lancet
373 (2009): 2201–14.

5
. Pravitel’stvo Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Government of the Russian Federation), “Kontseptsiia realizatsii gosudarstvennoi politiki po snizheniiu masshtabov zloupotrebleniia alkogol’noi produktsiei i profilaktike alkogolisma sredi naseleniia Rossiiskoi Federatsii na period do 2020 goda” (Concept for the implementation of a state policy to reduce the scale of alcohol abuse and prevention of alcoholism in the population of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020), order no. 2128-r, December 30, 2009.

6
. Murray Feshbach, “Potential Social Disarray in Russia Due to Health Factors,”
Problems of Post-Communism
52, no. 4 (2005): 22, and “The Health Crisis in Russia’s Ranks,”
Current History
, October, 2008, 336; Dar’ya A. Khalturina and Andrei V. Korotaev, “Vvedeniye: alkogol’naya katastrofa; kak ostanovit’ vymiranie Rossii,” in
Alkogol’naya katastrofa i vozmozhnosti gosudarstvennoi politiki v preodolenii alkogol’noi sverkosmertnosti v Rossii
, ed. Dar’ya A. Khalturina and Andrei V. Korotaev (Moscow: Lenand, 2010).

7
. Mark Lawrence Schrad, “Moscow’s Drinking Problem,”
New York Times
, April 17, 2011.

8
. Pravitel’stvo Rossiiskoi Federatsii, “Kontseptsiia realizatsii gosudarstvennoi politiki.”

9
. James C. Scott,
Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998), 194–95. Orwell’s
1984
was premised on the dystopian Russian novel
We
by Evgeny Zamyatin completed in 1921.

10
. Maria Lipman, “Stalin Lives,”
Foreign Policy
, March 1, 2013,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/01/stalin_lives
(accessed March 3, 2013).

11
. Scott,
Seeing Like a State
, 2. See also Charles Tilly’s four functions of states: war making, state making, protection, and extraction. Both approaches emphasize extracting resources from society, monopolizing violence, and ensuring state security. Charles Tilly, “Warmaking and Statemaking as Organized Crime,” in
Bringing the State Back In
, ed. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer, and Theda Skocpol (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 181. See also Francis Fukuyama,
The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), 389.

12
. Sheila Fitzpatrick,
The Russian Revolution, 1917–1932
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 119; Stephen Kotkin,
Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).

13
. Vladimir I. Lenin, “X vserossiiskaya konferentsiya RKP(b),” in
Sochineniya, tom 32: dekabr’ 1920–avgust 1921
(Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1951), 403.

14
. 30 million
pud
of grain translates into 491 million kilograms or 1.08 billion pounds annually. See f. 374 (Narodnyi komissariat raboche-krest’yanskoi inspektsii SSSR), op. 15, d. 1291, l.18–22, Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiskoi Federatsii (State archive of the Russian Federation), Moscow. See also Gregory Sokolnikov et al.,
Soviet Policy in Public Finance: 1917–1928
(London: Oxford University Press, 1931), 194; Anton M. Bol’shakov,
Derevnya, 1917–1927
(Moscow: Rabotnik prosveshcheniya, 1927), 339–41. On alcoholism in the party see T. H. Rigby,
Communist Party Membership in the U.S.S.R., 1917–1967
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968), 121–25.

15
. Alexander Hamilton’s Tariff Act of 1789 and the federal tax of 1791 both disproportionately focused on alcohol. The ensuing Whiskey Rebellion is a reminder of its contentiousness. Still, the inability to raise federal revenues is commonly cited as the main reason for the failure of the Articles of Confederation. Mark Lawrence Schrad, “The First Social Policy: Alcohol Control and Modernity in Policy Studies,”
Journal of Policy History
19, no. 4 (2007): 433–34. See also W. J. Rorabaugh,
The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 50–55; Charles van Onselen, “Randlords and Rotgut 1886–1903: An Essay on the Role of Alcohol in the Development of European Imperialism and Southern African Capitalism, with Special Reference to Black Mineworkers in the Transvaal Republic,”
History Workshop
1, no. 2 (1976).

16
. James C. Scott,
Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990), 121.

17
. David Christian, “The Black and the Gold Seals: Popular Protest against the Liquor Trade on the Eve of Emancipation,” in
Peasant Economy, Culture, and Politics of European Russia, 1800–1921
, ed. Esther Kingston-Mann and Jeffrey Burds (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991), 273–77.

18
. Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski,
Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy
(New York: Praeger, 1956), 33.

19
. Scott,
Seeing Like a State
, 5. In Russian history see Allen C. Lynch,
How Russia Is Not Ruled: Reflections on Russian Political Development
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 7–8, 18–21; Tim McDaniel,
The Agony of the Russian Idea
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), 14.

20
. Michel Foucault,
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
(New York: Random House, 1975).

21
. Alexander Barmine,
One Who Survived: The Life Story of a Russian under the Soviets
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1945), 214. At the conclusion of World War II, Stalin seized the extensive film catalogue once owned by Hitler’s minister of propaganda, Joseph Goebbels. Beyond domestic films, Stalin particularly enjoyed westerns, detective and gangster films, and anything with Charlie Chaplin. Svetlana Allilueva,
Only One Year
, trans. Paul Chavchavadze (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 389.

22
. Richard Stites,
Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society since 1900
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 94–95; Neya Zorkaya,
The Illustrated History of Soviet Cinema
(New York: Hippocrene Books, 1991), 109.