Read The Rise of Rome: The Making of the World's Greatest Empire Online
Authors: Anthony Everitt
Tags: #Non-Fiction, #History
| 206 | | | Scipio wins Battle of Ilipa, leaves for Italy. |
| 205 | | | Scipio elected consul, wins African command. Scipio in Sicily. |
| 204 | | | Scipio lands in northern Africa. Ennius brought to Rome. Cult of Great Mother introduced in Rome. |
| 203 | | | Carthaginian and Numidian camps destroyed. Battle of the Great Plains. Peace negotiations. Hannibal recalled to Carthage. |
| 202 | | | Last dictator appointed before Sulla. Battle of Zama. Carthage capitulates. Fabius Pictor writes first prose history of Rome. |
| 201 | | | Rome negotiates peace treaty. Carthage becomes a client state. |
| 200–196 | | | Second Macedonian War. |
| 197 | | | Philip V of Macedon loses Battle of Cynoscephalae. Peace agreed with Philip. |
| 196 | | | Flamininus announces liberation of Greece at Corinth. Hannibal elected sufet at Carthage. |
| 195 | | | Hannibal exiled from Carthage. Masinissa begins encroachments on Punic territory. |
| 194 | | | Rome evacuates Greece. |
| 192–189 | | | War with Antiochus. Antiochus in Greece. |
| 191 | | | Battle of Thermopylae. Antiochus driven from Greece. |
| 189 | | | Antiochus loses battle of Magnesia to the Scipios. |
| 188 | | | Settlement of Asia. |
| 187 | | | Criticism of the Scipios. |
| 186 | | | Bacchanalian conspiracy. |
| 184 | | | Scipio withdraws from Rome. Cato elected censor. |
| 181–179 | | | First Celtiberian War in Spain. |
| 179 | | | Philip V of Macedon dies, succeeded by Perseus. |
| 173 | | | Embassy sent to arbitrate between Masinissa and Carthage. |
| 172 | | | Two plebeian consuls, for the first time. |
| 172–167 | | | Third Macedonian War. |
| 168 | | | Perseus defeated at Battle of Pydna. |
| 167 | | | Macedon divided into four republics. One thousand Achaeans deported to Italy (including Polybius). |
| 166–159 | | | Production of Terence’s comedies. |
| 153–151 | | | Second Celtiberian War. |
| 151 | | | Carthage declares war on Masinissa. |
| 149–146 | | | Third Punic War. |
| 149 | | | Publication of Cato’s Origines . |
| 147 | | | Macedon becomes a province. |
| 146 | | | Sack of Carthage. Africa becomes a province. War between Rome and the Achaean League. Sack of Corinth. |
| 143–133 | | | Third Celtiberian War. |
| 133 | | | Tiberius Gracchus elected tribune. Land-reform law passed and land commission created. Pergamum bequeathed to Rome by King Attalus III. Gracchus murdered by rioting senators. Scipio Aemilianus takes Numantia. Spain settled. Slave war in Sicily continues. |
| 132 | | | Special court set up to punish Gracchus’s supporters. Secret ballot for legislation votes in the People’s Assembly. Slave war in Sicily ended. |
| 129 | | | Scipio Aemilianus dies mysteriously. |
| 125 | | | Proposal to enfranchise the Latins fails. |
| 123 | | | Gaius Gracchus elected tribune for the first time. Proposes many laws this year and in 122. Tiberius’s land reform confirmed. Special courts barred from imposing death penalty unless approved by the People. Judicial reforms: extortion court juries to comprise equites only. Large overseas coloniae planned, including Junonia, on the site of Carthage. Grain supply and distribution improved. Many construction and road-building projects commissioned. Proposal to extend citizenship to all Italian allies rejected. |
| 122 | | | Gaius Gracchus elected tribune for the second time. Gracchus opposed by Tribune Marcus Livius Drusus. Fails to win reelection for 121. Senate passes the Final Decree (state of emergency) for the first time. Gracchus and followers defeated by force of senators and equites . Gracchus killed or commits suicide. |
| 116 | | | Problem of Jugurtha begins. Senatorial commission of inquiry partitions Numidian kingdom between Jugurtha and Adherbal. |
| 112 | | | Jugurtha besieges Adherbal, who surrenders and is put to death. Italian merchants in Numidia massacred. Rome declares war on Jugurtha. |
| 111 | | | Jugurtha surrenders but keeps his crown. Visits Rome, where he has a Numidian opponent murdered. |
| 110 | | | War with Jugurtha resumes. |
| 109 | | | Metellus campaigns against Jugurtha. |
| 107 | | | Marius, elected consul, replaces Metellus. |
| 106 | | | Marius advances into western Numidia. Bocchus, king of Mauretania, surrenders Jugurtha to Sulla. |
| 105 | | | Cimbri and Teutones defeat two Roman armies at Arausio, near the river Rhône. |
| 104 | | | Marius, Consul II, reorganizes Roman army equipment and tactics. Jugurtha starved to death after appearing in Marius’s triumph. Second Sicilian slave war. |
| 103 | | | Marius, Consul III, trains army in Gaul. Saturninus elected tribune, works in partnership with Marius. Land allotments in Africa assigned to Marius’s veterans. |
| 102 | | | Marius, Consul IV, defeats Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence). |
| 101 | | | Marius, Consul V, and Catulus defeat Cimbri near Vercellae (Vercelli). |
| 100 | | | Saturninus, Tribune II. Marius, Consul VI, breaks with Saturninus. Rioting in Rome. Senate passes the Final Decree. Marius restores order. Saturninus and his followers lynched. Second Sicilian slave war ended. |
| 98 | | | Marius leaves politics and travels to Asia as a privatus . |
| 97–92 | | | Sulla, as proconsul of Asia, orders Mithridates, king of Pontus, out of Paphlagonia and Cappadocia. Mithridates obeys. |
| 91 | | | Marcus Livius Drusus, Jr., elected tribune. His plans to enfranchise the Italian allies fail. Drusus assassinated. War of the Allies (Social War) breaks out. Mithridates takes Bithynia. Aquillius incites invasion of Pontus. |
| 90 | | | Roman reverses in the Social War. Legislation grants Roman citizenship to Italian allies. |
| 89 | | | Roman victories in Social War. |
| 88 | | | Social War restricted to the Samnites, who yield. Sulla Consul I. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune, proposes to transfer command of war against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius. Sulla marches on Rome, captures the city, repealsSulpicius’s legislation. Marius flees to Africa. Mithridates overruns Asia Minor, orders massacre of Romans and Italians. Mithridates invited to “liberate” Greece. |
| 87 | | | Cinna and Marius seize Rome, massacre opponents. Sulla lands in Greece, besieges Athens. |
| 86 | | | Fall of Athens. Pontic army evacuates Greece after two defeats. Marius, Consul VII, dies. Cinna sends army to Asia (taken over by Sulla in 84). |
| 85 | | | Sulla negotiates peace treaty with Mithridates at Dardanus, near Troy. |
| 84 | | | New Italian citizens distributed among all the tribes. Cinna murdered by mutineers. |
| 83 | | | Sulla lands in Italy. Second Mithridatic War (to 82). |
| 82 | | | Civil war in Italy. Sulla wins battle of the Colline Gate. Proscriptions start. |
| 81 | | | Sulla appointed dictator, reforms the constitution and the criminal law. |
| 80 | | | Sulla Consul II. |
| 79 | | | Sulla resigns as dictator. |
| 78 | | | Sulla dies. |
| 75 (or 74) | | | King Nicomedes bequeaths Bithynia to Rome. |
| 74 | | | Mithridates invades Bithynia. Lucullus given command against him. |
| 73–71 | | | Slave revolt in Italy, led by Spartacus. |
| 68 | | | After successful campaigning against Mithridates, Lucullus’s troops become restless. |
| 67 | | | Pompey given command against pirates, whom he clears from the Mediterranean. |
| 66 | | | Pompey given command against Mithridates. |
| 63 | | | Mithridates commits suicide. Cicero elected consul. |
| 62 | | | Pompey’s eastern settlement; he returns to Italy. |
| 61 | | | Senate refuses to confirm Pompey’s settlement and land allocations for his soldiers. |
| 60 | | | Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus agree alliance, known as the First Triumvirate. |
| 59 | | | Caesar elected consul. |
| 58–50 | | | Caesar’s conquest of Gaul. |