The Red Flag: A History of Communism (115 page)

21
. Cited in Gorlizki and Khlevniuk,
Cold Peace
, p.156.

22
. V. Dunham,
In Stalin’s Time: Middleclass Values in Soviet Fiction
(Cambridge, 1976), p.92.

23
. M. Kundera,
The Joke
(London, 1992), p.71.

24
. Ibid., p.32.

25
. M. Pittaway,
Eastern Europe 1939–2000
(London, 2004), p.57.

26
. J. Mark, ‘Discrimination, Opportunity, and Middle-Class Success in Early Communist Hungary’,
Historical Journal
48, 2 (2005), pp.502–7.

27
. C. Miłosz,
The Captive Mind
, trans. J. Zielomko (New York, 1990), pp.98–9.

28
. D. Crowley, ‘Warsaw’s Shops, Stalinism and the Thaw’, in S. Reid and D. Crowley (eds.),
Style and Socialism
(Oxford, 2000), p.36.

29
. Pittaway,
Eastern Europe
, pp.110–11.

30
. A. Janos,
East Central Europe in the Modern World. The Politics of the Borderlands from pre- to post-Communism
(Stanford, 2000), pp.247–8.

31
. T. Toranska,
Oni: Stalin’s Polish Puppets
, trans. A. Kolakowska (London, 1987), p.298.

32
. Janos,
East Central Europe
, p.247.

33
. Miłosz,
The Captive Mind
, pp.61–2.

34
. W. Leonhard,
Die Revolution entlässt ihre Kinder
(Cologne, 1957), pp.487, 493–7.

35
. G. Hodos,
Show Trials. Stalinist Trials in Eastern Europe, 1948
–
1954
(London, 1987), ch.7.

36
. C. Epstein,
The Last Revolutionaries. The German Communists and their Century
(Cambridge, Mass., 2003), pp.136–7, 144.

37
. Cited in C. Jones,
Soviet Influence in Eastern Europe: Political Autonomy and the Warsaw Pact
(New York, 1981), p.7.

38
. Toranska,
Oni
, pp.335–6.

39
. S. Beria,
Beria My Father: Inside Stalin’s Kremlin
(London, 2001), p.141.

40
. W. Taubman,
Khrushchev. The Man and his Era
(London, 2003), p.214.

41
. Toranksa,
Oni
, pp.235–6.

42
. H. Margolius Kovaly,
Prague Farewell
(London, 1988), pp.118–19.

43
. S. Bartolini,
The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860
–
1980: the Class Cleavage
(Cambridge, 2000), pp.542–3.

44
. I. Wall,
French Communism in the Era of Stalin: the Quest for Unity and Integration, 1945
–
1962
(Westport, Conn., 1983), p.125.

45
. D. Desanti,
Les Staliniens, 1944
–
1956: une expérience politique
(Paris, 1975).

46
. For this point, see T. Judt,
Postwar. A History of Europe since 1945
(London, 2007), pp.212–13.

47
. M. Adereth, ‘Sartre and Communism’,
Journal of European Studies
17 (1987), p.10.

48
. F. Fanon,
The Wretched of the Earth
, preface Jean-Paul Sartre, trans. C. Farrington (Harmondsworth, 1967).

49
. For the case, see G. Kern,
The Kravchenko Case: One Man’s War on Stalin
(New York, 2007).

50
. M. Hyvarinen and J. Paastela, ‘Failed Attempts at Modernization. The Finnish Communist Party’, in M. Waller,
Communist Parties in Western Europe: Decline or Adaptation?
(Oxford, 1988), p.115.

51
. S. Gundle, ‘The Legacy of the Prison Notebooks: Gramsci, the PCI and Italian Culture in the Cold War Period’, in C. Duggan and C. Wagstaff (eds.),
Italy in the Cold War. Politics, Culture and Society 1948
–
58
(Oxford, 1995), p.139.

52
. D. Kertzer,
Comrades and Christians. Religion and Political Struggle in Communist Italy
(Cambridge, 1980), p.106; C. Duggan, ‘Italy in the Cold War Years and the Legacy of Fascism’, in Duggan and Wagstaff,
Italy in the Cold War
, p.20.

53
. For these themes, see Duggan, ‘Italy in the Cold War Years’, pp.1–24.

54
. For this account of the visit, see D. Heinzig,
The Soviet Union and Communist China, 1945
–
1950. The Arduous Road to the Alliance
(Armonk, NY, 2004), pp.263–384.

55
. Shi Zhe, cited in J. Chang and J. Halliday,
Mao: the Unknown Story
(London, 2006), p.431.

56
. Hua-Yu Li, ‘Stalin’s
Short Course
and Mao’s Socialist Transformation in the Early 1950s’,
Russian History/Histoire Russe
29 (2002), p.363.

57
. For their role, see O. Westad,
Decisive Encounters: the Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950
(Stanford, 2003), pp.260–1, 267–9.

58
. See D. Kaple,
The Dream of a Red Factory. The Legacy of High Stalinism in Russia
(New York, 1994).

59
. W. Stueck,
Rethinking the Korean War. A New Diplomatic and Strategic History
(Princeton, 2002), pp.73–4.

60
. J. Strauss, ‘Paternalist Terror. The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolution-aries and Regime Consolidation in the People’s Republic of China, 1950–1953’,
Comparative History in Society and History
44 (2002), pp.80–105.

61
. Cited in ibid., p.97.

62
. Mao Zedong, 7 February 1953, in K. Fan (ed.),
Mao Tse-tung and Lin Piao: Post-revolutionary Writings
(Garden City, NY, 1972), p.102.

63
. Yu Miin-Ling, ‘A Soviet Hero, Pavel Korchagin, comes to China’,
Russian History/Histoire Russe
29 (2002), pp.329–56.

64
. Tina Mai Chen, ‘Internationalism and Cultural Experience. Soviet Films and Popular Chinese Understandings of the Future in the 1950s’,
Cultural Critique
58 (2004), p.96.

65
. Wu Hung,
Remaking Beijing: Tiananmen Square and the Creation of a Political Space
(London, 2005), pp.104–5.

66
. Cited in A. Finnane,
Changing Clothes in China. Fashion, History, Nation
(London, 2007), p.209.

67
. Cited in ibid., p.224.

68
. This is argued by Charles Armstrong,
The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950
(Ithaca, 2003).

69
. Ibid., p.167.

70
. B. Cumings,
The Origins of the Korean War, Vol. 2. The Roaring of the Cataract, 1947
–1950 (Princeton, 1990), p.341.

71
. Armstrong,
North Korean Revolution
, pp.222–9.

72
. J. Palais, ‘Confucianism and the Aristocratic/Bureaucratic Balance in Korea’,
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
44 (1984), pp.427–68.

73
. For this argument, see Armstrong,
North Korean Revolution
, p.73.

74
. Cited in K. Lebow, ‘Public Works, Private Lives. Youth Brigades in Nowa Huta in the 1950s’,
Contemporary European History
10, 2 (2001), p.205.

75
. Ibid., p.208.

76
. This is argued in the Hungarian case in M. Pittaway, ‘The Reproduction of Hierarchy: Skill, Working-Class Culture, and the State in Early Socialist Hungary’,
Journal of Modern History
74 (2002), pp.737–69. For the disillusionment of established Polish workers, see P. Kenney,
Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists, 1945
–
1950
(Ithaca, 1997), p.292.

77
. G. Pritchard,
The Making of the GDR, 1945
–
1953. From Antifascism to Stalinism
(Manchester, 2004), p.196.

78
. M. Pittaway, ‘Workers in Hungary’, in E Breuning, J. Lewis and G. Pritchard,
Power and the People. A Social History of Central European Politics, 1945
–
56
(Manchester, 2005), pp.68–9.

79
. Cited in Kenney,
Rebuilding Poland
, p.234.

80
. Pittaway,
Eastern Europe
, pp.92–3.

81
. Pritchard,
The Making of the GDR
, p.122.

82
. HannaŚwida-Ziemba, ‘Stalinizm i Społeczeństwo Polskie’, in J. Kurczewski (ed.),
Stalinizm
(Warsaw, 1989), p.49.

83
. Mark Frazier,
The Making of the Chinese Industrial Workplace: State, Revolution, and Labour Management
(Cambridge, 2002), p.146.

84
. J. Pelikan,
The Czechoslovak Political Trials, 1950
–
1954: The Suppressed Report of the Dubcek Government’s Commission of Enquiry, 1968
(London, 1971), p.56.

85
. E. Friedman, P. Pickowicz and M. Selden,
Chinese Village, Socialist State
(New Haven, 1991), p.130.

86
. Ibid.

87
. Ibid., p.190.

88
. Ibid., pp.188, 196.

89
. G. Creed,
Domesticating Revolution. From Socialist Reform to Ambivalent Transition in a Bulgarian Village
(University Park, Pa, 1998), p.61.