Denmark 200, 344, 366; National Academy of Sciences 280
Dennett, Dan 350
dentistry 45
depression (psychological) 8, 156
depressions (economic) 3, 31, 32, 186–7, 192, 289; see also economic crashes
deserts, expanding 28, 280
Detroit 315, 355
Dhaka 189
diabetes 156, 274, 306
Diamond, Jared 293–4, 380
diamonds 320, 322
Dickens, Charles 220
Diesel, Rudolf 146
Digital Equipment Corporation 260, 282
digital photography 114, 386
Dimawe, battle of (1852) 321
Diocletian, Roman emperor 175, 184
Diodorus 169
diprotodons 69
discount merchandising 112–14
division of labour: Adam Smith on vii, 80; and catallaxy 56; and fragmented government 172; in insects 75–6, 87–8; and population growth 211; by sex 61–5, 136, 376; and specialisation 7, 33, 38, 46, 61, 76–7, 175; among strangers and enemies 87–9; and trust 100; and urbanisation 164
DNA: forensic use 20; gene transfer 153
dogs 43, 56, 61, 84, 125
Doll, Richard 298
Dolphin , HMS 169
dolphins 3, 87
Domesday Book 215
Doriot, Georges 261
‘dot-communism’ 356
Dover Castle 197
droughts: modern 241, 300, 334; prehistoric 54, 65, 334
emigration 199–200, 202; see also migrations empathy 94–8
empires, trading 160–61; see also imperialism enclosure acts 226, 323, 406
endocrine disruptors 293
Engels, Friedrich 107–8, 136
England: agriculture 194–6, 215; infant mortality 284; law 118; life expectancy 13, 284; medieval population 194–7; per capita income 196; scientific revolution 255–7; trade 75, 89, 104, 106, 118, 169, 194; see also Britain
exchange: etiquette and ritual of 133–4; and innovation 71–2, 76, 119, 167–8, 251, 269–74; and pre-industrial economies 133–4; and property rights 324–5; and rule of law 116, 117–18; and sexual division of labour 65; and specialisation 7, 10, 33, 35, 37–8, 46, 56, 58, 75, 90, 132–3, 350–52, 355, 358–9; and trust 98–100, 103, 104; as unique human trait 56–60; and virtue 100–104; see also bartering; markets; trade