Authors: Susan Ronald
The Pirate Queen (71 page)
Chapter 33. The Queen Lets Loose Her Dragon
I referred to the same sources I used in chapter 32, with the addition of David Loade’s
The Tudor Navy
(Aldershot, 1992), which is a long overdue update of Julian Corbett’s great work
Drake and the Tudor Navy.
I also widely consulted Geoffrey Parker’s
The Grand Strategy of Philip II
, John Sugden’s
Sir Francis Drake
, and the
Calendar of State Papers
.
Chapter 34. The Camel’s Back
My
Sancy Blood Diamond
and its sources, as well as Garrett Mattingly’s timeless
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
(London, 1959) were my primary sources for this chapter.
Chapter 35. Cadiz
There were so many different accounts of the Cadiz expedition that I felt it wisest to revert to original sources here, then double-check against trustworthy secondary sources. I consulted the relevant
Calendars of State Papers—Spain
and
Venice
, as well as SP 12/193; BL MS Cotton Otho E VIII; BL MS Cotton Vespasian, CVIII; and the books mentioned throughout chapter 35.
Chapter 36. The Plundering of the Spanish Armada
I reviewed Julian Corbett’s
The Spanish War
for this chapter and subsequent chapters. J. K. Laughton (ed.),
State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada
, vol. 1 (London, 1898) carries a huge number of original letters and orders. N. A. M. Rodger’s
Safeguard of the Sea
, Kenneth Andrews’s
Trade, Plunder & Settlement,
R. Wernham’s
The World Before Armada
, and of course Garrett Mattingly’s
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
were also primary research sources. R. W. Kenny’s biography
Elizabeth’s Admiral
, about Lord Admiral Charles Howard (Baltimore, 1970), also provided great background material, and is highly readable.
Chapter 37. America Again…and Again?
Raleigh’s
The Letters of Sir Walter Ralegh
, Agnes Latham and Joyce Youings (eds.); D. B. Quinn’s
Ralegh and the British Empire
; Kenneth Andrews’s
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
; Richard Hakluyt’s
Principall Navigations
; T. S. Willan’s
Studies in Foreign Trade
(London, 1959); A. L. Rowse’s
Sir Richard Grenville of the
Revenge (London, 1937) and
The Elizabethans and America
(London, 1959); and Giles Milton’s
Big Chief Elizabeth
were my main sources used in this chapter.
Chapter 38. The Last Gasp of the Early Roaring ’90s
All the books I used in chapters 36 and 37 I used in this chapter, too. Additionally, I consulted Julian Corbett’s
Successors of Drake
and his edition of
Papers Relating to the Spanish War
. The
Calendar of State Papers—Venice
was particularly useful, providing an “unbiased” view of the rampant English adventuring. D. Akenson’s Talmudic
An Irish History of Civilization
, vol. 1 (London, 2005) provides a fascinating insight into the English in Ireland, incorporating a tremendously innovative, highly entertaining style.
Chapter 39. The Alchemy That Turned Plunder into Trade
All books used in the previous four chapters were again primary sources for this chapter. Additionally, Kenneth Andrews’s
The Elizabethan Seaman
; Michael Oppenheim’s
A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy
; the
DNB
entry on Robert Cecil; Lord Burghley’s
Advice to a Son
, Louis Wright (ed.) (New York, 1961); J. W. Shirley’s
The Scientific Experiments of Sir Walter Ralegh: The Wizard Earl and the Three Magi in the Tower, 1603–1617
(London, 1949); A. Tenenti’s
Naufrages, Corsaires et Assurances Maritimes à Venise, 1592–1609
(Paris, 1959); and V. M. Shillington’s and A. B. W. Chapman’s
The Commercial Relations of England and Portugal
(New York, 1970) proved extremely useful. R.W. Kenny’s
Elizabeth’s Admiral
, Kenneth Andrews’
Elizabethan Privateering
and
Trade, Plunder & Settlement
, and N. A. M. Rodger’s
Safeguard of the Sea
were also widely used and often quoted.
Chapter 40. Essex, Ireland, and Tragedy
The
DNB
entries for Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and Hugh O’Neill were useful, though it was D. Akenson’s
An Irish History of Civilization
that I found the most refreshing. Original manuscripts from the Folger Shakespeare Library (especially FSL, MS V.b. 214) and the British Library’s MS Additional 74287 were also useful. The relevant
Calendars of State Papers—Ireland
,
Spain
, and
Domestic
papers were also source material. Finally, G. R. Elton’s
England Under the Tudors
(London, 1993) provided me with an overview.
Chapter 41. Raleigh, Virginia, and Empire
Again here, D. B. Quinn’s books proved invaluable, particularly
Ralegh and the British Empire. The Letters of Sir Walter Ralegh
, by Agnes Latham and Joyce Youings (eds.) were incredibly helpful, too.
Chapter 42. The East and the East India Company
John Keay’s
The Honourable Company
(London, 1993) was a prime source for this chapter, as well as James Lancaster’s
Voyages to Brazil and the East Indies, 1591–1603
, W. Foster (ed.) (London, 1943); E. M. Jacobs,
In Pursuit of Pepper and Tea
(London, 1996);
Calendar of State Papers—Colonial
(vol. 1); W. Foster’s
England’s Quest of Eastern Trade
(London, 1933);
East India Company: The Dawn of British Trade to the East Indies…1599-1603,
Steven and Birdwood (eds.); and K. N. Chaudhuri’s essential tome,
The English East India Company 1600-1640
(London, 1945).
Aborough, John
Act of Supremacy and Uniformity (1559)
Acts and Monuments
(Foxe)
Acuña, Don Pedro de
Admiralty.
See
High Court of the Admiralty; Howard, Lord Charles
Adventurers.
See
pirates
Africa: Fenner voyage to, gems from, gold from, Guinea, Hawkins’ voyages to, interloping into Spanish and Portuguese waters, Lovell voyage, piracy and, Portuguese control of Guinea coast, resistance to Portuguese in, shipping “beyond the line” limited to Spain and Portugal, Sierra Leone, Drake lands in, slave trade, Sumba tribe, Winters brothers voyage to, Wyndham voyage to
Aguilla, Don Juan de
Alba, Ferdinand de Toledo, Duke of, Antwerp decline and, blockade of England proposed, command of the Netherlands, confiscates English property, fearlessness of the English and, invasion of England and, loss of ships with soldier’s pay, in Portugal,
Alençon, Francis, Duc d’
Allen, Ralph
Amadas, Philip
Anjou, Duke of.
See
Henry III, King of France (formerly Duke of Anjou)
Anne Boleyn, Queen of Henry
Anne of Denmark
Anton, San Juan de
Antonio de Crato, Dom (pretender to the Portuguese throne)
Antwerp, arms exported to England, bankruptcies of merchants in, closed to English, as commercial capital, edict to English merchants to convert or leave, Elizabeth’s repayment of Mary’s loans, English forces sent to, English fund raising in, English intelligence on Spain gathered in, as English trading center, Parma’s attack on, Philip’s bankruptcy and decline of, Philip’s edicts and devastation of financiers, razed by Parma, Staplers in
Armada.
See
Spanish Armada
Arundel, Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of
Ascham, Roger
Ashley, Cat
Assonleville, Christophe d’
Bacon, Sir Francis, elevation of status under James I
Bacon, Sir Nicholas, marriage to Anne Cooke, quest for riches
Bagenal, Sir Henry,
Baker, Matthew,
Barlow, Arthur,
Barrett, Robert,
Battle of the Three Kings, Morocco
Bayning, Paul,
Bazán, Don Alonso de,
Bedford, Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of
Bedford, John Russell, Earl of,
Bermudez, Don Pedro,
Bernáldez, Lorenzo,
Beste, George,
Bingham, Christopher,
Blitheman, John
Blount, Charles.
See
Mountjoy, Charles Blount, 8th Baron
Blount, Sir Christopher,
Boleyn, Mary
Bolton, Robert
Bolton, Thomas
Bontemps, Jean,
Book of Sea Causes, The
Borough, Stephen,
Borough, William,
Bothwell, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of
Boyle, Sir Richard
Bravo, Alonso,
Brereton, John
Brewer, John,
Brief and True Relation of the Discovery of the North Part of Virginia
,
Bristol Accord
Britannicae Republicae Synopsis
(Dee)
Brownists, as Pilgrim Fathers
Brund, William
Burgh, Sir John,
Burghley, Sir William Cecil, Baron: advice to Hawkins about Spain’s offer to, aging of, arrangement with John Dee, backing of Frobisher, backing of Hawkins, brokers loan deal with Spinola, Burroughs working for, complaints about Drake, disposal of Drake’s booty and, Doughty claims to be in pay of, Drake’s circumnavigation hidden from, Duke of Alençon as suitor for Elizabeth and, as Elizabeth’s advisor, as enemy of Dudley, foreign policy and, as gentleman adventurer, xvii; Hawkins’ charges against misappropriation of funds and, intrigue in Scotland and, investor in Muscovy Company, lack of support for plunder, loyalty of, marriage to Mildred Cooke, in Mary and Philip’s government, petition from Essex for Irish navy, as Protestant, quest for riches, Raleigh’s complaint of lost profit to, Raleigh’s favored status and, “reasonable suits” of John Hawkins, retaliation against Spain sought, Ridolfi plot uncovered, scuttles Drake’s Azores plan, Spanish threat and, statecraft and foreign policy, swears “a great oath” Hawkins is not going to the West Indies, uncovers marriage plan of Mary to Norfolk, University of Cambridge and, war with Spain and
Burroughs, William,
Butler, Edmund
Cabot, John,
Cabot, Sebastian, Newfoundland discovered
Caesar, Sir Julius
Calais, xv; English desire to regain, English loss of, Spain occupies, Spanish designs on
Camden, William
Canary Islands: Hawkins voyages and, Lovell voyage, Tenerife
Cardosso, Aires
Carew, Sir George
Carew, Sir Peter
Carey, Sir George
Carleill, Christopher, Drake’s fleet to plunder, Drake’s fleet to plunder, captain on, Drake’s trading mission to the East Indies and
Cartlet, David
Castellanos, Miguel de
Castle of Knowledge
(Recorde)
Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of
Cathay Company
Catherine de’ Medici, Regent of France, massacre of the Huguenots and,
Catherine Howard, Queen of Henry VIII
Catherine Parr, Queen of Henry VIII
Catholic League
Catholics, in England, in France, Gunpowder Plot and, Henry IV of France, conversion, in Ireland, Mary Tudor and, Northern Rising, peace with Protestants in England, Philip II, King of Spain and, in Scotland, Throckmorton plot and repression and fining of, transportation scheme, Western Catholic Rebellion
Cavalcanti, Guido
Cavendish, Thomas, backing of second Raleigh American expedition, circumnavigation of the globe and, on Raleigh’s American expedition
Cecil, Sir Robert, after Elizabeth’s death, as gentleman adventurer, xvii, Machiavellian nature, North American colonies and, oversees High Court of the Admiralty, peace negotiations with Spain
Cecil, Sir William.
See
Burghley, Sir William Cecil, Baron
Challoner, Thomas,
Champernowne, Sir Arthur, piracy in the English Channel and
Champernowne, Katherine,
Chancellor, Nicholas
Chancellor, Richard,
Charles, Archduke of Austria: as Elizabeth’s suitor
Charles I, King of England
Charles IX, King of France, death of, influence of Coligny, persecution of Protestants
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Cheke, Sir John
Chester, John
Chester, Sir William
Chettle, Henry
Chichester, John
Cimarrones
(Cimaroons), Diego, befriending of Sir Francis Drake, Drake and, Drake’s plan to free