Read The Milky Way and Beyond Online

Authors: Britannica Educational Publishing

The Milky Way and Beyond (2 page)

Subsequent Development on the Main Sequence

Later Stages of Evolution

Evolution of Low-Mass Stars

Origin of the Chemical Elements

The Most Abundant Chemical Elements

Evolution of High-Mass Stars

End States of Stars

White Dwarfs

Neutron Stars

Black Holes

C
HAPTER 4:
S
TAR
C
LUSTERS

Open Clusters

Globular Clusters

OB and T Associations

Dynamics of Star Clusters

Clusters in External Galaxies

Notable Stars and Star Clusters

51 Pegasi

Alpha Centauri

Arcturus

Betelgeuse

Deneb

Fomalhaut

Pleiades

Polaris

Sirius

Vega

C
HAPTER 5:
N
EBULAE

Classes of Nebulae

Early Observations of Nebulae

The Work of the Herschels

Advances Brought by Photography and Spectroscopy

20th-Century Discoveries

Chemical Composition and Physical Processes

Interstellar Dust

Turbulence

Galactic Magnetic Field

Molecular Clouds

Composition

Formation of Stars

Hydrogen Clouds

Reflection Nebulae

H II Region

Ultracompact H II Regions

Supergiant Nebulae

Chemical Composition of H II Regions

Planetary Nebulae

Forms and Structure

The Distances of Planetary Nebulae

Chemical Composition

Positions in the Galaxy

Evolution of Planetary Nebulae

Central Stars

The Nature of the Progenitor Stars

Supernova Remnants

The Crab Nebula

The Cygnus Loop

Diffuse Ionized Gas

Notable Nebulae

Cassiopeia A

Coalsack

Great Rift

Gum Nebula

Horsehead Nebula

Lagoon Nebula

North American Nebula

Orion Nebula

R Monocerotis

Ring Nebula

Trifid Nebula

C
HAPTER 6
: G
ALAXIES

The Evolution of Galaxies

Historical Survey of the Study of Galaxies

The Problem of the Magellanic Clouds

Novae in the Andromeda Nebula

The Scale of the Milky Way Galaxy

The van Maanen Rotation

The Shapley-Curtis Debate

Hubble's Discovery of Extragalactic Objects

The Distance to the Andromeda Nebula

The Golden Age of Extragalactic Astronomy

Types of Galaxies

Principal Schemes of Classification

Elliptical Galaxies

Irregular Galaxies

Other Classification Schemes and Galaxy Types

The External Galaxies

The Extragalactic Distance Scale

Physical Properties of External Galaxies

Size and Mass

Luminosity

Age

Composition

Structure

The Spheroidal Component

The Disk Component

Spiral Arms

Gas Distribution

Galaxy Clusters

Types of Clusters

Distribution

Interactions Between Cluster Members

Galaxies as a Radio Source

Radio Galaxies

X-ray Galaxies

Clusters of Galaxies as Radio and X-ray Sources

Quasars

Gamma-Ray Bursters

Notable Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters

Andromeda Galaxy

Coma Cluster

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