The King's Cardinal: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey (Pimlico) (30 page)

¹¹
Mallet and Hale, pp.221-3.

¹²
Brandi, pp.21 ff. This remains in my view the best biography, and has been much relied upon in all that follows.

¹³
See Brandi, pp.45-61 for a useful introduction to the rivalry between Margaret on the one hand and Chièvres and Sauvage on the other.

¹⁴
Pastor, vii, pp.3, 88.

¹⁵
Pastor, vii, pp.108 ff.

¹⁶
Knecht, pp.47-65; Pastor, pp.134 ff.

¹⁷
LP
, ii, 1721.

¹⁸
It is very hard to provide adequate footnotes when detailed events are so briefly summarized, but the evidence on which this account is based can easily be consulted in the various calendars of state papers (
LP, Sp. Cal., Ven. Cal
.).

¹⁹
LP
, ii, 1721, 1729, 1754, 1877.

²⁰
LP
, ii, 1753, 1784, 1863, 1890, 1942.

²¹
LP
, ii, 1746, 1816-7, 1877-8, 1890-2, 1896.

²²
See especially
LP
, ii, 1582, 2095, 2177, but it is present in all their correspondence; see also
LP
, ii, pp.
lx-lxvii, xcv
.

²³
LP
, ii, 1817, 1965, 1982-3, 2040, 2076-7, 2090, 2151-2, 2157.

²⁴
LP
, ii, 2099, 2132, 2165, 2217, 2219, 2317, 2322, 2331.

²⁵
LP
, ii, 2387 (BL, Vit. B. xix, fos.267-71) – what Wolsey called ‘certain weighty matters of secrecy’ in a letter to Pace of 27 Sept. 1516. Also
LP
, ii, 2501.

²⁶
Rymer, xiii, pp.556-72;
LP
, ii, 2486, 2497. For the negotiations, chiefly with Schinner, see 2445, 2449, 2462-4, 2472. For the agreement of Charles’s ambassadors see
LP
, ii, 2499, 2630.

²⁷
LP
, ii, 2640, 2663, 2902, 2958, 2991-2 – when the phrase is mentioned for the first time. I am assuming that earlier references to objected ‘invasion clause’ are to it, but I may have jumped to the wrong conclusion.

²⁸
13 August 1516.

²⁹
Knecht, p.67.

³⁰
Maximilian and Charles met up on 29 Jan. 1517 (
LP
, ii, 2861).

³¹
LP
, ii, 2863, 2891.

³²
Agreement made by representatives of Maximilian and Francis at Brussels on 3 Dec. 1516. For their suspicions and confirmation see
LP
, ii, 2862, 2891, 2910, 2921, 2930, 2940.

³³
LP
, ii, 2562, 2565, 2659.

³⁴
The ‘somewhere’ needs to be stressed, as should the fact that my figure is for what I believe to have been paid out as distinct from what was promised. Wolsey’s estimate in Sept. 1516 – and much continued to paid out after this date – was considerably higher: over £80,000 on Maximilian’s behalf (
LP
, ii, 2404-5), though for a much lower estimate in April 1517 see
LP
, ii, 3106.

³⁵
The amount was 100,000 Flemish florins, with a florin being anything between 2
s
2
d
and 3
s
3
d
. For the loan see
inter alia LP
, ii, 3143-4, 3402, 3439-42.

³⁶
This on 5 July (
LP
, ii, 3437); see also Rawdon Brown, ii, 95-103 (
LP
, i, 3455, 3462) for detailed descriptions. But the embassy was largely ceremonial, the effective confirmation having been signed in Brussels on 11 May (
LP
, ii, 3225).

³⁷
LP
, ii, 3191, 3221-2.

³⁸
LP
, ii, 3693.

³⁹
Surtz,
Catholic Historical Review
, xxxix (1953-4), pp.272-97

⁴⁰
But cf
. Brewer’s ‘cold cautious character … His habitual caution and timidity foiled his first and better judgment-’ (
LP
, ii, p. cxiii).

⁴¹
Wegg is still very useful, but on Pace’s early career in Bainbridge’s household at Rome see Chambers, ‘English representation’, pp.390-3.

⁴²
See pp.550-5 below.

⁴³
LP
, ii, 2095; see also
LP
, ii, 1582.

⁴⁴
LP
, ii, 463.

⁴⁵
LP
, ii, pp.lx-lxi, 982, 1265.

⁴⁶
LP
, ii, 1817 – Pace to William Burbank, 23 April 1517.

⁴⁷
cf. Andrea Ammonio from Lucca, the king’s Latin secretary, friend of More and Erasmus and enemy of Vergil; also the Casali family from Bologna, from the mid-1520s active on royal service in Rome and Venice; and the Genoese Jean-Joachim de Passano in the service of Louise of Savoy.

⁴⁸
Behrens.

⁴⁹
LP
, ii, 2700. Spinelly was subsequently deputed to accompany Charles to Spain which suggests that the suspicion of him did not last long.

⁵⁰
LP
, ii, 2930.

⁵¹
Chambers, ‘English representation’, pp.439 ff.

⁵²
Lord deputy of Calais from
c
.1515 to 1519.

⁵³
Inter alia LP
, ii, 2369, 2872, 2967, 3120;
LP
, ii, app.32.

⁵⁴
Cruickshank,
Tournai
, pp.208 ff.

⁵⁵
There is no substitute for reading his reports – and very good reading they are too.

⁵⁶
For evidence that Giustinian was in contact with his French colleague and that Henry and Wolsey were aware of this, see especially Rawdon Brown, ii, p.172 (
LP
, ii, 4009); also ibid, ii, p.311 (
LP
, iii, 402).

⁵⁷
See Giustinian’s comment about Wolsey’s ‘very warm language, similar to that uttered by the king when we had audience of him’ (Rawdon Brown, i, p.111); but for a fuller discussion of the way Henry and Wolsey conducted their business relations see pp.207 ff. below.

⁵⁸
Rawdon Brown, i, pp.104, 110-1, 115-7 (
LP
, ii, 652, 666, 716).

⁵⁹
Rawdon Brown, i, pp.110-1 (
LP
, ii, 666).

⁶⁰
Rawdon Brown,
Court of Henry
VIII
, i, pp.182, 209, 256, 267, 274, (
LP
, ii, 1585, 1730, 2205, 2259, 2264).

⁶¹
Rawdon Brown, i, pp.156-7, 267 (
LP
, ii, 1380, 2259).

⁶²
Rawdon Brown, ii, pp.50-1 (
LP
, ii, 3081).

⁶³
Rawdon Brown, i, pp.110-111. The whole document is a very good example of the effect that Wolsey’s constant pressure had on Giustinian.

⁶⁴
LP
, ii, p.1019)

⁶⁵
LP
, ii, 3033.

⁶⁶
See especially: ‘Neither the right reverend Canterbury nor Winchester, nor the illustrious duke of Suffolk, nor many other lords who are accustomed to discuss state affairs here, were present at this conclusion, a fact which has caused incredible surprise and universal dissatisfaction, the general inference being that the right reverend Cardinal of York is the beginning, middle and end of this result.’ (Rawdon Brown, i, p.326); also ibid, p.264 (
LP
, ii, 2222).

⁶⁷
This will discussed more fully in connection with Wolsey’s downfall; see pp.572-6 below.

⁶⁸
Rawdon Brown, ii, pp.29-32 (
LP
, ii, 2896).

⁶⁹
On 28 Nov. Robert Wingfield reported pressure on Maximilian to come to terms with the French; on 5 Dec. Tunstall reported that this had happened, only two days after it had; for which see
LP
, ii, 2605, 2633.

⁷⁰
LP
, ii, 2700.

⁷¹
LP
, ii, 2869.

⁷²
LP
, ii, 1746, 1877-8, 1923, 2151, 2366, 2473.

⁷³
LP
, ii, 2798.

⁷⁴
LP
, ii, 2891, 2910.

⁷⁵
LP
, ii, 2992.

⁷⁶
LP
, ii, 2930.

⁷⁷
LP
, ii, 2930.

⁷⁸
LP
, ii, 2910.

⁷⁹
LP
, ii, 2940 – in fact a joint letter but it was expressly stated that Tunstall was making this point.

⁸⁰
LP
, ii, 2958.

⁸¹
LP
, ii, 2992 (BL, Galba B. v, fo.129v.).

⁸²
LP
, ii, 3047, 3049, 3054.

⁸³
LP
, ii, 3094, 3223-5, 3232.

⁸⁴
The interpretation is Scarisbrick’s in his
Henry
VIII
, pp.56-96. In resisting it, I wish to stress my admiration for the way in which the interpretation was put forward.

⁸⁵
LP
, ii, 1065, 1095.

⁸⁶
LP
, ii, 1470, 1564, 1565, 1593.

⁸⁷
LP
, ii, 1943 (BL, Vit. B.
XIX
, 98-102v.) In
LP
it is dated to late May 1516, and this dating is accepted by Scarisbrick (
Henry
VIII
, pp.61-2) and this materially affects his interpretation. But in fact it has to be a letter written
before
Wolsey knew of Maximilian’s retreat from Milan on 24 March; I suspect an answer to Pace’s letter of 4 Feb. (
LP
, ii, 1480).

⁸⁸
LP
, ii, 1816 (PRO, SP1/13/fos.123-5).