The King's Cardinal: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey (Pimlico) (114 page)

⁹⁵
Inter alia English Historical Documents
, pp.360-8 for a good introduction. Anything by Harriss is illuminating, but see especially
journal of Medieval History
, ii.

⁹⁶
Ross, pp.214-8.

⁹⁷
Chrimes, pp.200-1.

⁹⁸
Almost certainly the meagreness of the records make them appear more quiescent than they were. For instance, it is known that on a number of occasions the City of London mounted vigorous campaigns in the Commons of which the official records give no indication; see Elton,
Studies
, i, pp.84-6; Kennedy, pp.35 ff., 130 ff.

⁹⁹
Lords
, pp.12-3, 21; Graves, p.61.

¹⁰⁰
Trevelyan Papers
, p.8 for Warham’s initial request of £600,000. He eventually obtained £126,745; see also Bernard,
War, Taxation and Rebellion
, pp.120-1.

¹⁰¹
Lehmberg, pp.137-8, 254-5.

¹⁰²
PRO SP 1/2/7/fos.187-8 (
LP
, iii, 2957), a draft in Tuke’s hand. Wolsey’s failure to deliver the opening speech to parliament, a task usually performed by the chancellor, led Elton to comment that he had ‘apparently extended his dislike of parliaments to the point of suppressing his normal delight in the sound of his own voice’; see
Parliament of England
, p.27. But, as Henry informed the Venetian ambassador, the explanation was that Wolsey was ill (
Ven. Cal.
, iii, p.313).

¹⁰³
LP
, iii, 2322, 23333;
Sp. Cal
., ii, pp.438-40; 449-51. When Charles addressed the Castilian cortes in July 1523 he appears to have failed to mention the Great Enterprise! For this and, more generally for Charles’s policy at this time see Brandi, pp.194 ff.

¹⁰⁴
Henry Ellis, 1 ser, i, p.223 (
LP
, iii, 3023).

¹⁰⁵
For Henry’s and Wolsey’s suspicions see
LP
, iii, 1810, 2551, 2567, 3302, 3326, 3346; for the English ambassadors’ suspicions see
LP
, iii, 3246-7, 3559.

¹⁰⁶
Sp. Cal., F.S.
, p.180.

¹⁰⁷
LP
, iii, 2567. Cf. Charles’s comment in March 1523 that a good peace could only be obtained by a good war; see
Sp. Cal, F.S
., p.197.

¹⁰⁸
Bernard,
War, Taxation and Rebellion
, pp.3-52.

¹⁰⁹
St. P
, i, p.117 (
LP
, iii, 3231).

¹¹⁰
LP
, iii, 3207 for the treaty between Venice, Charles, Henry and Archduke Ferdinand.

¹¹¹
3 Aug. 1523 a complicated story involving the ‘treasonable’ activities of the pro-French cardinal, Soderini; see Knecht, p.147; Pastor, ix, pp.185 ff.

¹¹²
Russell left England in early August and the agreement with Bourbon was signed on 6 Sept. For Bourbon’s treason see Knecht, pp.146-9.

¹¹³
Sp. Cal
.,
F.S
., p.253. For the effect of Bourbon’s treason see Bernard,
War, Taxation and Rebellion
, pp.11-12; Gunn,
EHR
, ci, pp.608-11.

¹¹⁴
Sp. Cal
.,
F.S
., p.240.

¹¹⁵
Not until 6 Sept. The agreement with Charles and Margaret was reached on 2 July; see
LP
, iii, 3149;
Sp. Cal., F.S
., pp.208, 216.

¹¹⁶
Eaves, pp.126 ff.

¹¹⁷
Cf. Scarisbrick,
Henry
VIII
, pp.125 ff. who argues for a divergence of view between Henry and Wolsey from the start.

¹¹⁸
LP
, iii, 3149.

¹¹⁹
Gunn, ‘French wars’, p.33.

¹²⁰
Gunn,
EHR
, ci, pp.607-9.

¹²¹
St. P
, i, p.132 (
LP
, iii, 3320).

¹²²
St. P
, i, pp.135-40 (
LP
, iii, 3346).

¹²³
Scarisbrick, pp.128-9 for this explanation.

¹²⁴
LP
, iii, 3346;
Sp. Cal
.,
F.S
., p.275.

¹²⁵
I call it Henry’s, but his letters at this time were written by More, acting as royal secretary in the absence of Pace.

¹²⁶
For instance called a débâcle by Scarisbrick,
Henry
VIII
, p.130.

¹²⁷
For all of this see Gunn,
EHR
, ci, pp.611 ff.

¹²⁸
LP
, iv, 8;
Sp. Cal
.,
F.S
., p.318.

¹²⁹
Gunn,
EHR
, ci, pp.611 ff; Knecht, pp.152-6.

¹³⁰
Sp. Cal
., ii, 355. It was confirmed at Windsor in June 1522 (
Sp. Cal
., ii, 441).

¹³¹
LP
, iv, 8, 61, 186, 684, 1628-9;
Sp. Cal., F.S.
, pp.298-304.

¹³²
St. P
, iv, p.333 (
LP
, iv, 605).

¹³³
LP
, iv, 349, 356-7, 365.

¹³⁴
Eaves, pp.160 ff; Rae, pp.157 ff. In fact peace was not formally concluded until Jan. 1526 but a series of truces beginning on 4 Sept. 1524 produced much the same effect.

¹³⁵
LP
, iv, 365.

¹³⁶
LP
, iv, 615; Hall, p.684.

¹³⁷
LP
, iv, 615; Hall, p.684.

¹³⁸
LP
, iv, 420-1, 440-2, 503, 510, 589.

¹³⁹
For his posting to Bourbon see
LP
, iv, 361-2, 374, 420-1, 456.

¹⁴⁰
He arrived on 13 June.

¹⁴¹
St. P
, vi, p.313 (
LP
, iv, 420).

¹⁴²
St. P
, vi, p.314 (
LP
, iv, 442).

¹⁴³
On this point see
LP
, iii, 3l23, 3154, 3217.

¹⁴⁴
St. P
, vi, pp.333 ff. (
LP
, iv, 605). For their full correspondence see
LP
, iv, 420-l, 440-2, 503, 512, 589.

¹⁴⁵
St. P
, vi, p.333, n.1; ibid, p.364, n.2; Knecht, pp.163 ff.

¹⁴⁶
Jacqueton, pp.53-4 for a biographical sketch. The work is of great importance because it makes full and highly intelligent use of material not otherwise readily available. My one complaint concerns the many highly critical comments on Wolsey!

¹⁴⁷
A.F. Pollard, pp.137-8; Wilkie, pp.114 ff.

¹⁴⁸
A.F. Pollard, pp.137-8.

¹⁴⁹
Scarisbrick,
Henry
VIII
, pp.131 ff.

¹⁵⁰
Bernard,
War, Taxation and Rebellion
, pp.24 ff.

¹⁵¹
LP
, iii, 3372, 3377, 3389, 3587, 3592, 3609, 3659;
Sp. Cal., F.S
., p.276; also Chambers, ‘English representation’, pp.512 ff; Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, pp.109-10.

¹⁵²
See pp.98 ff., 144 ff. above.

¹⁵³
St. P
, vi, p.282 (
LP
, iv, 185). For Scarisbrick’s interpretation see Scarisbrick,
Henry
VIII
, p.132.

¹⁵⁴
St. P
, vi, p.282 for Wolsey giving them freedom to decide when the right moment was; for the whole letter see
St. P
, vi, 278-86 (
LP
, iv, 185).

¹⁵⁵
LP
, iv, 6, 184.

¹⁵⁶
See pp.205 ff. above; also Bernard,
War, Taxation and Rebellion
, pp.40-5.

¹⁵⁷
LP
, iii, 3659; iv, 26;
Sp. Cal, F.S
., p.318; made use of in Scarisbrick,
Henry
VIII
, p.131.

¹⁵⁸
LP
, iv, 446, Clerk to Wolsey, 25 June.

¹⁵⁹
That this was what they sought was Giberti’s view in 1525; see
LP
, iv, 1467.

¹⁶⁰
LP
, iv, 170.

¹⁶¹
Jacqueton, pp.42 ff. for a fuller account.

¹⁶²
Inter alia Sp. Cal
., iii (i), p.78.

¹⁶³
LP
, iv, 394, 684, 1083.

¹⁶⁴
LP
, iv, 882, 1018.

¹⁶⁵
LP
, iv, 671, 684, 841, 1083, 1132, 1190;
Sp. Cal., F.S.
, pp.335 ff. for Imperial concern;
LP
, iv, 1002, 1017 for papal concern;
LP
, iv, 1072 for Venetian concern.

¹⁶⁶
His first visit appears to have been brief, but he was back again in June and then stayed for over a year.

¹⁶⁷
Scarisbrick,
Henry
VIII
, p.139; but also Hall, p.693.

¹⁶⁸
Jacqueton, pp.90-1.

¹⁶⁹
LP
, iv, 394; see also
LP
, iv, 684.

¹⁷⁰
LP
, iv, 1093, 1160; Jacqueton, pp.66-96.

¹⁷¹
See
Sp. Cal
., iii (i), pp.23-4, 40, 52, 76, 160.

¹⁷²
LP
, iv, 1190.

¹⁷³
LP
, iv, 671.

¹⁷⁴
St. P
, i, p.152 (
LP
, iv, 882).