The Intimate Bond (40 page)

4.
Zachariah 9:9.

5.
Judges 5:10.

6.
This passage is based on J. G. Dercksen et al.,
Ups and Downs at Kanesh: Chronology, History and Society in the Old Assyrian Period
(Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 2012); Mogens Trølle Larsen,
The Old Assyrian City-State and Its Colonies
(Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1976); and K. R. Veenhof,
Aspects of Old Assyrian Trade and Its Terminology
(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972).

7.
Cécile Michel, “The
Perdum
-Mule, a Mount for Distinguished Persons in Mesopotamia during the First Half of the Second Millennium B.C.,” in Barbro Santillo Frizell, ed.,
PECUS: Man and Animal in Antiquity
, Proceedings of the Conference at the Swedish Institute in Rome, September 9–12, 2002 (Rome: Swedish Institute in Rome, 2004), pp. 1–20.

8.
E-mail to the author dated March 18, 2013. I am grateful to Dr. Barjamovic for his advice on Assyrian caravans.

9.
This passage benefits from Mark Griffith, “Horsepower and Donkeywork: Equids and the Ancient Greek Imagination: Part One,”
Classical Philology
101, no. 3 (2006): 110–27; and Griffith, “Horsepower and Donkeywork: Equids and the Ancient Greek Imagination: Part Two,”
Classical Philology
101, no. 4 (2006): 307–58.

10.
Notably Aesop's writings. Aesop (c. 620–564
BCE
) was a fabulist whose fables have achieved lasting immortality. He is said to have been a slave who was later freed, but he may have been a legendary figure. Many of his fables have animal protagonists. A good example is “The Driver and the Donkey on the Cliff”:
http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/oxford/486.htm
. See Aesop,
Aesop's Fables
, a new translation by Laura Gibbs (Oxford: Oxford University Press [World's Classics]), 2002.

11.
Varro,
De Res Rustica
, p. 70.

12.
Columella,
De Agricultura
, p. 67.

13.
T. E. Berger et al., “Life History of a Mule (c. 160
A.D
.) from the Roman Fort Biriciana/Weißenburg (Upper Bavaria) as Revealed by Serial Stable Isotope Analysis of Dental Tissues,”
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
20, no. 1 (2010): 158–71.

14.
Bartholomeus Anglicus (c. 1203–1272) was a Franciscan encyclopedist and scholar based in Paris. Quote from his
De Proprietatibus Rerum
(1240), 1:24.

15.
Robert Graves,
The Golden Ass: The Transformations of Lucius
(reprint; London: Macmillan, 2009), p. xv.

16.
Anonymous,
Special Forces Use of Pack Animals
, U.S. Army Special Forces Manual FM3–05.213 (FM 31–27), Washington, D.C. 2004. Quotes from pp. ivff. See
www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3–053–05–213.pdf

Chapter 10
: Taming
Equus

1.
This section draws on Pita Kelekna,
The Horse in Human History
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), chapters 1 and 2.

2.
Przewalski's horse. A convenient summary:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przewalski's_horse
; Tarpans:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpan
. See also Dixie West, “Horse Hunting in Central Europe at the End of the Pleistocene,” in Sandra L. Olsen et al., eds.,
Horses and Humans: The Evolution of Human-Equine Relationships
(Oxford: BAR International Series 1560, 2006), pp. 25–47.

3.
For a summary of Solutré, see Fagan,
Cro-Magnon
, pp. 215–23.

4.
Kelekna,
The Horse in Human History
, pp. 22–38.

5.
Sandra L. Olsen, “Early Horse Domestication: Weighing the Evidence,” in Olsen et al., eds.,
Horses and Humans
, pp. 81–113. See also David Anthony, “Bridling Horsepower: The Domestication of the Horse,” in Sandra L. Olsen, ed.,
Horses through Time
(Boulder, CO: Roberts Rinehart, 1996), pp. 57–82.

6.
D. V. Telegin,
Dereivka: A Settlement and Cemetery of Copper Age Horse Keepers on the Middle Dnieper
(Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 287, 1986). See also Kelekna,
The Horse in Human History
, pp. 32ff.

7.
Bits have generated a huge literature. One summary is David Anthony et al., “Early Horseback Riding and Warfare: The Importance of the Magpie around the Neck,” in Olsen et al., eds.,
Horses and Humans
, pp. 137–56. Also Gail Brownrigg, “Horse Control and the Bit,” in Olsen et al.,
Horses and Humans
, pp. 165–77.

8.
Elena E. Kuzmina, “Mythological Treatment of the Horse in Indo-European Culture,” in Olsen et al., eds.,
Horses and Humans
, pp. 263–70. Discussion in Kelekne,
The Horse in Human History
, pp. 34ff.

9.
Sandra L. Olsen, “The Exploitation of Horses at Botai, Kazakhstan,” in Marsha Levine et al.,
Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse
(Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2003), pp. 83–103.

10.
Stuart Piggott,
Wagon, Chariot, and Carriage
(London: Thames and Hudson, 1992), chapters 1 and 4, surveys the data.

11.
Ibid., p. 31.

Chapter 11
: The Horse Masters' Legacies

1.
Edward Shaughnessy, “Historical Perspectives on the Introduction of the Chariot into China,”
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
48 (1988): 211.

2.
Kelekna,
The Horse in Human History
, chapter 5, was a critical source for this chapter.

3.
Ibid., chapter 4, provided material for this section; also Piggott,
Wagon, Chariot and Carriage
, pp. 42ff.

4.
On Kikkuli, see
www.flickr.com/photos/exit120/5020830577/
.

5.
Peter Raulwing, “The Kikkuli Text: Hittite Training Instructions for Chariot Horses in the Second Half of the 2nd Millennium
B.C.
and Their Interdisciplinary Context,”
http://www.lrgaf.org/Peter_Raulwing_The_Kikkuli_Text_MasterFile_Dec_2009.pdf
.

6.
Ann Nyland,
The Kikkuli Method of Horse Training
(New York: Smith and Sterling, 2008), quote from p. 8.

7.
James Breasted,
Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1906), pp. 147–48.

8.
Robert Drews,
Early Riders: The Beginnings of Mounted Warfare in Asia and Europe
(New York: Routledge/Francis and Taylor, 2004), p. 48.

9.
T. T. Rice,
The Scythians
(London: Thames and Hudson, 1958), is still an admirable general description. See also Kelekna,
The Horse in Human History
, chapter 3; and David W. Anthony,
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007).

10.
Summarized by Piggott,
Wagon, Chariot, and Carriage
, pp. 112–14.

11.
Sergei Rudenko,
Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The Pazyryk Burials of Iron-Age Horsemen
, trans. M. W. Thompson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).

12.
Quotes in this paragraph from Xenophon,
On Horsemanship
, trans H. G. Dakyns, (Project Gutenberg, 2008), books 9, 10, 11, 12, at
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1176/1176-h/1176-h.htm
.

13.
Ibid., p. 75.

14.
Piggott,
Wagon, Chariot, and Carriage
, chapter 3, explores this issue.

15.
Ibid., pp. 74–80.

16.
Marcus Terentius Varro,
De Res Rustica
, p. 391.

Chapter 12
: Deposing Sons of Heaven

1.
Robert Bagley, “Shang Archaeology,” in Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, eds.,
The Cambridge History of Ancient China
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 124–231.

2.
This chapter relies heavily on H. G. Creel, “The Role of the Horse in Chinese History,”
American Historical Review
70, no. 3 (1965): 647–72. See also Kelekna,
The Horse in Human History
, chapter 5, where numerous references will be found.

3.
Liancheng Lu, “Chariot and Horse Burials in Ancient China,”
Antiquity
67 (1999): 824–38.

4.
Ying-shih Yu, “The Hsiung-Nu,” in Denis Sinor, ed.,
The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 118–19.

5.
For a lavishly illustrated account of Shihuangdi and his terra-cotta regiment, see Roberto Ciarla, ed.,
The Eternal Army: The Terracotta Soldiers of the First Emperor
(Vercelli, Italy: White Star Publishers, 2012).

6.
Kelekna,
The Horse in Human History
, pp. 142ff.

7.
Creel, “The Role of the Horse,” p. 658.

8.
René Grousset,
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
, trans. Naomi Walford (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970), provides an account of these expeditions. See also Kelekna,
The Horse in Human History
, pp. 146ff.

9.
Creel, “The Role of the Horse,” p. 659.

10.
Kelekna,
The Horse in Human History
, pp. 148–50.

11.
A huge literature surrounds Genghis Khan: George Lane,
Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), is a useful starting point. Quote: J. A. Boyle, trans.,
Tarikh-i Jahan Gusha
, in
The History of the World Conqueror
(Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1967), p. 105.

12.
For a summary account of Kublai Khan, see Ann Paludan,
Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors
(London: Thames and Hudson, 1998), pp. 148–53.

13.
Creel, “The Role of the Horse,” pp. 669–71.

Chapter 13
: “Animals Designed by God”

1.
Richard Bulliet,
The Camel and the Wheel
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), offers a comprehensive account of camel domestication and the controversies associated therewith. This passage is based on his chapters 2 and 3.

2.
A. S. Saber, “The Camel in Ancient Egypt,
Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting for Animal Production under Arid Conditions
1 (1998): 208–15.

3.
Bulliet,
The Camel
, chapters 3 and 4, covers camel saddles, but there are references to different types throughout his book.

4.
Ibid., chapter 4.

5.
Quoted from ibid., p. 95.

6.
For a brief summary of Petra, see Andrew Lawler, “Reconstructing Petra,”
Smithsonian
38, no. 3 (2007): 42–49.

7.
Discussion in Bulliet,
The Camel
, chapter 5.

8.
Andrew Wilson, “Saharan Trade in the Roman Period: Short, Medium- and Long-Distance Trade Networks,”
Azania
47, no. 4 (2012): 409–49.

9.
This section is based on E. W. Bovill and Robin Hallet,
The Golden Trade of the Moors
(London: Marcus Weiner, 1995).

10.
N. Levetzion and J. F. P. Hopkins, eds.,
Corpus of Early African Sources for West African History
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 118.

11.
Ghislaine Lydon,
On Trans-Saharan Trails
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), chapter 5.

12.
Mardochée Aby Serour (1826–1886) was a rabbi from Akka, Morocco, who did much to open up Saharan trade routes to non-Muslims during the nineteenth century. He was an enthusiastic botanist and plant collector. Quote from Lydon,
On Trans-Saharan Trails
, p. 221.

13.
Ibn Battuta (1304–1377) was a Moroccan explorer of Berber descent. Quote from Lydon,
On Trans-Saharan Trails
, p. 226.

14.
Michael Benanov,
Men of Salt
(Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2008). See also
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0528_030528_saltcaravan.html
.

15.
Analysis in Bulliet,
The Camel
, chapter 7.

16.
Owen Lattimore,
Mongol Journeys
(London: Jonathon Cape, 1941). This passage draws on this fascinating book. See also Daniel Miller and Dennis Sheehy, “The Relevance of Owen Lattimore's Writings for Nomadic Pastoralism Research and Development in Inner Asia,”
Nomadic Peoples
12, no. 2 (2008): 103–15.

17.
Mildred Cable and Francesca French were British Protestant missionaries who traveled widely in Central Asia during the 1920s and early 1930s. Strong, independent-minded, and bold, they left China in 1936 when all foreigners were expelled by a local Kansu warlord. Mildred Cable and Francesca French,
The Gobi Desert: The Adventures of Three Women Travelling across the Gobi Desert in the 1920s
, 2nd ed. (Coventry, UK: Trotamundas Press, 2008), p. 115.