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Authors: Gillian Tindall

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Wright, Lawrence,
Clean and Decent: The fascinating History of the Bathroom and the WC
, 1960

Unpublished and other archival Sources

The London Borough of Southwark has a rich collection of archival material amassed over many years, thanks to bequests from several nineteenth-century antiquarians but also to the initiative and care of individual archivists. In the
Southwark Local History Library
, therefore, I have been able to consult Census returns; St Saviour's parish records of marriages, baptisms and burials (from 1653 to 1835, with a few gaps); Rate books (from 1748); and a collection of miscellaneous house Deeds. I have been able to consult London Street Directories (various different publications) from 1790 onwards, and the Electoral registers for the twentieth century for which the Census returns are not yet accessible. I have also availed myself of the Library's extensive files of cuttings, photographs, handbills, advertisements, correspondence and other ephemera, dating from the eighteenth century to the present day; also of the MS. book on the early history of the Union Street parochial schools compiled by Sylvia Morris, the present head of the Cathedral School of St Saviour and St Mary Overy; also of the Archivist's own extensive list of Southwark's one-time cemeteries. I have studied the Library's collection of maps, especially insurance maps for the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. I have also made use of the microfilms of the
South London Press
, especially for the 1860s and '70s.

In
The Family History Centre
, London EC1, I have obtained various Death Certificates and Probate records referred to in this book.

In
The Metropolitan Archives
, London EC1 I have been able to consult further documents relating to Bankside, in particular the Vestry Minutes books of St Saviour's parish from 1670 to 1738, and from 1788 to 1824, also a parish Land Valuation of 1807–8. I have made extensive use of their collection of Metropolitan Board of Works archives, expecially the papers of 1856–7 and 1861–3 and 1867 relating to Bazalgette's plans for the London sewer system, and also the Thames Flood Prevention Maps of 1880–86. Also their files relating to the life and work of John Grooms. I have availed myself of the Library's copies of the 1945 Bomb Damage Maps, and of their extensive photographic collection, originally in the possession of the Greater London Council.

In
The British Library
, as well as consulting many of the printed books cited in the preceding section, I have been able to work my way, in the Rare Book Room, through two volumes entitled
St Saviour's Illustrated: History and Antiquities of the Parochial Church of St Saviour's, Southwark
. These are compendiums of printed church records and engravings to which have been added notes, memos, plans, pamphlets, letters, handbills, photos and press-cuttings. The initial volume was compiled for subscription circulation by W.G. Moss and the Rev. J. Nightingale in 1818, and the much-expanded second volume was produced by W. Taylor in 1840. (Unamplified, printed-only versions of both volumes are in the possession of the Southwark Local History Library.)

In
The London Library
I have consulted bound volumes of
The Builder
and
The Times
, particularly for the 1860s.

In
The Guildhall Library
I have been able to consult the records of the Watermen and Lightermens' Company, and also to make use of the Picture Library's extensive collection of London paintings, prints and panoramas.

The Museum of London
possesses, among very much else, a Grace Golden Archive of that artist's prints, drawings and personal papers, which were made available to me.

In addition, the present owners of 49 Bankside have inherited from previous occupants of the house a file of Deeds, a few letters and a number of twentieth-century newspaper cuttings, which have been put to good use.

I
NDEX
The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.

Abercrombie, Sir Patrick: London Plan, 208–9, 217, 229

Admiral's Men (theatre company), 34

Agas map, 15–16, 26, 32

Albert Embankment, Lambeth, 153

Albion Flour Mills, Great Surrey Street, 101–2, 134–5, 221

Albion Terrace, 102

Alleyn, Edward, 34–5

Anchor Brewery
see
Barclay Perkins

Anchor Inn, 99, 181, 221

Anne, Queen, 57–8

Anne Boleyn, Queen of Henry VIII, 4

Arnold, Matthew (lighterman), 84, 90

Arnold, Matthew (poet), 174

Arnold, Thomas (waterman), 89

Arthur, Prince (Henry VIII's brother), 4

Arundel House, 47

Arundel, Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of, 27

Astell (or Astill) family, 65, 81

Aubrey, John, 6, 37, 45, 47

Balcon, Michael, 201

balloons
see
Smith's balloon view of London

Bandy Leg Walk (
later
Great Guildford Street), Southwark, 49, 88, 101

Bankside: character, 2, 5, 8, 14–15, 110–11; flood works, 14, 57, 76; stairs and docking places, 14–16, 43, 100, 177; house-building, 17, 55–8, 61, 111; brothels, 20–5; theatres and playhouses, 30–5, 40, 45–6; trade and industries, 40, 48, 94, 141, 149, 178–81, 188–9; gardens, 49; processions, 51; early 18th-century house rebuilding and ownership, 54–5; drainage problems, 55; Nonconformists in, 56; schools, 56; quays and wharves, 120–1, 155; panoramas, 134–5; Bishop's palace ruins, 136; gas works, 140, 155, 195; Power Station, 141, 195, 209–10, 215, 221, 228; house design and features, 147–9; health risks, 151; late 19th-century social changes, 166–7, 173–5; poverty and slums in, 167–70, 188, 193–5; multi-occupation of houses, 171–2; in Besant novel, 181–3; as working-class district, 187–8; Grace Golden draws and writes on, 189; twentieth-century occupants, 190–3; houses demolished, 192; last flood (1928), 196; post-war rebuilding and improvements, 210–12; post-war industrial and commercial decline, 218; modern usage, 230–1;
see also
Southwark

Barclay family, 98

Barclay Perkins (
formerly
Anchor brewery), 98, 102, 136, 220

Barclay, Robert, 104, 118, 127

Barge House stairs, 15

Barnardo, Dr Thomas John, 186

Bazalgette, Sir Joseph, 152

Bear Garden, Southwark, 27, 32, 99

Bear Inn, 50

bear-baiting
see
bull- and bear-baiting

Beaufort, Cardinal Henry, Bishop of Winchester, 18

Beaumont, Francis, 37

Benson, Revd J., 143

Bermondsey: as borough, 9; trade and industry in, 94

Berry-Godfrey, Sir Edmund, 72–3

Besant, Walter, 181–3, 231

Betjeman, Sir John, 79, 154, 201, 220

bicycles, 177

Black family, 214, 222–3

Black, Daniel, 214–16, 222, 225

Blacker, Robert, 134

Blackfriars Bridge (
earlier
Pitt's Bridge), 2, 26, 87, 90, 95, 100, 181

Blackfriars Railway Bridge, 162

Blake, William, 102

Blue Circle Cement Company, 215, 221

Boars Head Sluice, 87, 153

Booth, Charles, 6, 187

Borough High Street, 55, 69, 100

Borough Market, 39, 91, 120, 163, 230

Boswell, James, 6

Boys' Free School, Southwark, 113–14

Brabazon, Reginald (
later
12th Earl of Meath), 114–15

brassware, 147

brewing, 95–9

Bridge House Estate, 194

Briggs, Henry, 106

Briggs, John Perronet, 106

brothels, 19, 20–5

Browker, Hugh, 17–19, 25, 29, 54

Bruce, Mary and Sarah, 53, 64

Buchanan, Jack, 201

Builder, The
(periodical), 149, 164, 209

Building Acts (1667 and 1707), 54, 61

bull- and bear-baiting, 31–2, 49

Bunyan, John, 56

Burbage, James, 33–4, 36, 45

Burbage, Richard, 32–4, 36

Burdett, Sir Francis, 145

burial grounds
see
graveyards

Burke, Edmund, 96

Burney, Fanny (Mme d'Arblay), 96

Cade, Jack, 23

Calvert's Corn Wharf, 102

Camberwell, 109–10

canals, 105–6

Cardinal Cap Alley, 58, 88, 143, 179, 231

Cardinal's Cap (or Hat) Inn, 4, 17–19, 24, 27, 29–30, 35–7, 53–4

Cardinal's Wharf, Bankside, 177, 206–8

Cardinal's Wharf (house; 49 Bankside): site and origins, 3–4, 33, 54, 62; and fish ponds, 16; building design, 62–4, 68; furnishing and equipment, 67–8; living conditions in eighteenth century, 68–71; water supply, 70–1; Sells first occupies and purchases, 88–9; improvements to, 143–4, 150; nineteenth century occupants, 143, 150–3, 183–4; water closet, 146; as business address for Charrington, Sells, Dale & Surtees, 155, 171; Moss Isaacs occupies and buys, 155–7, 176; maintained as single-family home, 176–7; in multiple occupation, 183–4; unaffected by clearance scheme, 195; Robert E. Stevenson acquires and improves, 196–201; used for storage, 196; sold by auction, 203–4; bomb-damaged in war, 205, 207; post-war occupation, 214–15, 222; vandalised by squatters, 223–4; restored by Guy Munthe, 224–5; present-day occupation, 231–2

Catherine of Aragon, Queen of Henry VIII, 4, 207, 211, 223

Cator, John, 65, 81, 97

Chadwick, Edwin, 149, 151

Chamberlain's Men (theatre company), 33

Charles I, King, 40

Charles II, King, 50, 52

Charrington, John, 158–9

Charrington, Sells, Dale & Co., 154

Charrington, Thomas, 158–9

Charringtons (brewers), 97, 159

Charringtons (coal-merchants), 73, 85–6, 97, 140, 154, 158

children: in eighteenth century London, 66; upbringing, 108–9; education, 125

cholera, 145, 149–51

Christ Church, Southwark, 55

City Lead Works, 221

City of London Electric Lighting Company, 183, 195

Civil War (1642–6), 46, 48

class (social): in eighteenth century, 65–7, 90; Victorian, 174–5

Clink liberty, 103

Clink Museum, Southwark, 13

Clink, The (gaol), 12–13, 93

coaches, 77, 132

coal and coal trade, 70–6, 79, 105–6, 120–1, 139–40, 155, 159–60

Coal Exchange, Lower Thames Street, 120

Commonwealth, 47

Concannen, M., Jr, 98

Concannen, M., Jr and A. Morgan:
The History and Antiquities of the Parish of St Saviour's, Southwark
, 102–3

Cook, Captain James, 101

Cooper (St Saviour's sexton), 114

Coram, Thomas, 90

County Hall, Lambeth, 9, 229

Craig & Rose (paint manufacturers), 192

cripples: training and education, 186

Cromwell, Oliver, 25, 47–8

Crosby, Theo, 226, 228

Cross Bones Burial Ground, 21, 51, 112–16

Crown Wharf, 178

Cruikshank, George, 151

Crumpton, Edward and Annie, 203

Crumpton, John, 203, 211

Cubitt, Thomas, 145

Cure's College almshouses, 112, 163

Dale, H.R., 158–9

Darc, Rosie, 212

Davidson, Geoffrey, 214, 222

Davies (builder, of Union Street), 165

Deadman's Place, Southwark, 51, 111

Dean, Mrs C., 191

Defoe, Daniel, 51, 65, 77

Dekker, Thomas, 24, 30, 45, 81

Dickens, Charles, 6, 162, 167, 170, 185;
Little Dorrit
, 134;
Our Mutual Friend
, 170–1

Dog and Duck tavern, St George's Fields, 99–100

Dowgate Dock, 82

Drake, Sir Francis, 226

Dubreuil, André, 225

Dulwich College (Alleyn's Gift), 34

East India Company, 41

East India Dock, 218

Easter, Stephen, 197

education (compulsory), 184, 186

Edward II, King, 10

Edward VI, King, 17, 24

electricity, 141, 183–4

Eliot, T.S., 232

Elizabeth I, Queen, 14–15, 24

Elliott family, 185, 190–1, 196

Elliott, George, 185

Elliott, Hughes & Easter Ltd (gum-merchants), 192, 197

Elliott, Marion, 185–6

Ellory, Mr, 157

Embankment (Thames), 152, 162

Evelyn, John, 6, 31, 48, 50, 73–5

Faithorne, William, 49

Falcon Dock, 195

Falcon Glass Works, 75, 95

Falcon Inn, 29, 36, 50, 77, 81

Falcon Iron Works, 59, 75, 95

Falcon Point, 221

Fastolf, Sir John, 10

Fell's Flower Wharf, 102

Festival of Britain (1951), 9, 208, 229

Fielding, Sir John, 93

Finch's Grotto, Southwark, 100

fish ponds, 15–18, 49

Fleet ditch, 60

Flemings: settle in Southwark, 22

Fletcher, Geoffrey, 226

Fletcher, John, 37–8

Flood Prevention, 57, 76, 177

Foster, Norman, Baron, 229

Free Grammar School, Bankside, 57

‘Fresh Air Scheme', 187

Fritter, Melchisedeck, 30, 53, 62

Frost Fairs, 117

Fuce, Thomas, 120, 143

furniture and interiors, 67, 75

Gabb, Martha, 173–5

Gardener, Urban, 176

Garrick, David, 96

Gas Light & Coke Company, 140

gas-lighting, 140–2, 194

George I, King, 58

Gin Acts (1751 and 1753), 91

Girtin, Thomas, 135

Gladstone, William Ewart, 152

glass industry, 40, 48, 75, 95

Globe Theatre, Southwark: reconstructed, 3, 31–3, 226–8, 230; site, 27, 29; Burbages build, 34; Shakespeare and, 36; burnt and rebuilt, 45; abandoned, 48

Globe Trust, 226–7

Golden, Grace, 189, 193–5, 212, 230

Golden Hind
(replica ship), 226

Gordon Riots (1780), 93

Grand Junction Waterworks, 159

Grand Union Canal, 105–6, 176

grave-robbing, 111, 113–14

Gravel Lane, Southwark, 49, 88

graveyards, 20–1, 51, 111–15

Great Fire (1666), 51–4, 60

Great Guildford Street
see
Bandy Leg Walk

Great Pike Garden, 15–16, 177;
see also
Pye Garden, the

Great Plague (1665), 50–1

Great Surrey Street, Southwark, 100–1

Greater London Council (GLC), 219, 223;
see also
London County Council

Greene, Mary, 53–4

Grooms, John, 186

Grove Hill, Camberwell, 109–10

Guy's Hospital, 11

Harris, James, 104, 112

Harrison, Revd L., 143

Harvard, John, 39

hat-making, 94–5, 185, 220

Henry VII, King, 24

Henry VIII, King, 12, 23, 25, 223

Henslowe, Philip, 31, 34–5, 37, 46, 54, 147

Hey (Workhouse Master), 123

Hill, Octavia, 166

Hill, Rowland (preacher), 101

Hinton & Horne (firm), 177

Hogarth, William, 90, 99

Holditch brothers, 120, 157, 176

Holditch, George, 150, 157

Holditch, George Alfred, 157

Holditch, Jessica, 157–8

Holland, Mistress, 25

Holland's Leaguer (gaming place), 25, 87, 95

Hollar, Wenceslaus, 27–9

Hollingshed, John, 167–70

Hooper, June, 212

Hop Exchange, 95, 165, 191, 220

Hope Theatre, 31, 34

Hopkinson, Henry, 191

Horne family, 89, 97, 120, 147

Horne, Anthony, 118–19, 121

Horne, Benjamin, 76

Horne, Thomas, 83, 104, 121, 167

Horne, William, 139–40, 179

House, the
see
Cardinal's Wharf (house; 49 Bankside)

Howatt, Revd J. Reid, 186

Hulbert, Jack, 201

Hudson, Thomas, 53

Humphreys, Sarah, 53

Hungerford Railway Bridge, 162, 229

Hydraulic Power Company, 183

Illustrated London News, The
, 210

Imperial Gas Light and Coke Company, 141

Industrial Revolution, 94

Inn and Goat stairs, 43

iron manufacture, 59, 95

Isaacs family, 197

Isaacs, Ernest David, 197

Isaacs, Moss (iron-merchant), 155–6, 176, 179, 192, 197–8

Isaacs, Moss II, 192, 196

Isaacs, Samuel, 192, 196

Isaacs, Samuel & Sons (iron merchants), 193

James I, King (James VI of Scotland), 16, 45

Johnson, Samuel, 48, 85, 96–7

Johnstone's London Commercial Guide and Street Directory
, 120

Jones family, 89

Jones & Sells (coal-merchants), 120, 140, 154

Jones, Inigo, 60

Jones, Mr (iron-founder), 59

Jonson, Ben, 31

Jubilee Walkway, 223, 226

Keen and Smither's Coal Wharf, 102

Killingworth, William, 83

Kimpton, Edward and Ellen, 192–3

King's Bench prison, Southwark, 11, 93

Lambeth: water supply, 151

Lambeth Marsh, 229

latrines, 87–8

Lee, Anna (Joan Boniface Winifrith; Mrs Robert E. Stevenson), 199–204, 208

Lettsom, Dr John Coakley, 92, 96, 109

lightermen and lighterage, 76–8, 139, 219

Lingard and Sadler's Mustard Manufactory, 102

London: south bank, 8–10; street lighting introduced, 39, 103; population growth, 53, 55, 90–1, 110; rebuilding and development, 54, 58, 60–2; class structure, 65–7; fogs and pollution, 73–5, 92, 155; conditions in mid-late eighteenth century, 90–4; industrial development, 94; expansion, 110–11; Underground, 115; panoramas, 134–5; sewage and drainage system, 152; railways, 161–2; Abercrombie plan for, 208–9, 217; dock closures and port decline, 218–19;
see also
Great Fire; Great Plague; Southwark

London Bridge: links City of London with Southwark, 1, 9–10, 232; negotiated by watermen, 43; in Great Fire, 52; and new bridges, 78; rebuilding, 95, 126, 130, 136; replaced, 223; in nursery rhyme, 232

London Bridge railway station, 162, 164

London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, 161

London, Chatham & Dover Railway, 162–3

London County Council (LCC), 9, 217, 219;
see also
Greater London Council

London Dock, Wapping, 218

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