PUTNAM: You load one oak of mine and you’ll fight to drag it home!
GILES: Aye, and we’ll win too, Putnam—this fool and I. Come on!
He turns to Proctor and starts out.
PUTNAM: I’ll have my men on you, Corey! I’ll clap a writ on you!
Enter Reverend John Hale of Beverly.
Mr. Hale is nearing forty, a tight-skinned, eager-eyed intellectual. This is a beloved errand for him; on being called here to ascertain witchcraft he felt the pride of the specialist whose unique knowledge has at last been publicly called for. Like almost all men of learning, he spent a good deal of his time pondering the invisible world, especially since he had himself encountered a witch in his parish not long before. That woman, however, turned into a mere pest under his searching scrutiny, and the child she had allegedly been afflicting recovered her normal behavior after Hale had given her his kindness and a few days of rest in his own house. However, that experience never raised a doubt in his mind as to the reality of the underworld or the existence of Lucifer’s many-faced lieutenants. And his belief is not to his discredit. Better minds than Hale’s were—and still are—convinced that there is a society of spirits beyond our ken. One cannot help noting that one of his lines has never yet raised a laugh in any audience that has seen this play; it is his assurance that “We cannot look to superstition in this. The Devil is precise.” Evidently we are not quite certain even now whether diabolism is holy and not to be scoffed at. And it is no accident that we should be so bemused.
Like Reverend Hale and the others on this stage, we conceive the Devil as a necessary part of a respectable view of cosmology. Ours is a divided empire in which certain ideas and emotions and actions are of God, and their opposites are of Lucifer. It is as impossible for most men to conceive of a morality without sin as of an earth without “sky.” Since 1692 a great but superficial change has wiped out God’s beard and the Devil’s horns, but the world is still gripped between two diametrically opposed absolutes. The concept of unity, in which positive and negative are attributes of the same force, in which good and evil are relative, ever-changing, and always joined to the same phenomenon—such a concept is still reserved to the physical sciences and to the few who have grasped the history of ideas. When it is recalled that until the Christian era the underworld was never regarded as a hostile area, that all gods were useful and essentially friendly to man despite occasional lapses; when we see the steady and methodical inculcation into humanity of the idea of man’s worthlessness—until redeemed—the necessity of the Devil may become evident as a weapon, a weapon designed and used time and time again in every age to whip men into a surrender to a particular church or church-state.
Our difficulty in believing the—for want of a better word—political inspiration of the Devil is due in great part to the fact that he is called up and damned not only by our social antagonists but by our own side, whatever it may be. The Catholic Church, through its Inquisition, is famous for cultivating Lucifer as the arch-fiend, but the Church’s enemies relied no less upon the Old Boy to keep the human mind enthralled. Luther was himself accused of alliance with Hell, and he in turn accused his enemies. To complicate matters further, he believed that he had had contact with the Devil and had argued theology with him. I am not surprised at this, for at my own university a professor of history—a Lutheran, by the way—used to assemble his graduate students, draw the shades, and commune in the classroom with Erasmus. He was never, to my knowledge, officially scoffed at for this, the reason being that the university officials, like most of us, are the children of a history which still sucks at the Devil’s teats. At this writing, only England has held back before the temptations of contemporary diabolism. In the countries of the Communist ideology, all resistance of any import is linked to the totally malign capitalist succubi, and in America any man who is not reactionary in his views is open to the charge of alliance with the Red hell. Political opposition, thereby, is given an inhumane overlay which then justifies the abrogation of all normally applied customs of civilized intercourse. A political policy is equated with moral right, and opposition to it with diabolical malevolence. Once such an equation is effectively made, society becomes a congerie of plots and counterplots, and the main role of government changes from that of the arbiter to that of the scourge of God.
The results of this process are no different now from what they ever were, except sometimes in the degree of cruelty inflicted, and not always even in that department. Normally the actions and deeds of a man were all that society felt comfortable in judging. The secret intent of an action was left to the ministers, priests, and rabbis to deal with. When diabolism rises, however, actions are the least important manifests of the true nature of a man. The Devil, as Reverend Hale said, is a wily one, and, until an hour before he fell, even God thought him beautiful in Heaven.
The analogy, however, seems to falter when one considers that, while there were no witches then, there are Communists and capitalists now, and in each camp there is certain proof that spies of each side are at work undermining the other. But this is a snobbish objection and not at all warranted by the facts. I have no doubt that people
were
communing with, and even worshiping, the Devil in Salem, and if the whole truth could be known in this case, as it is in others, we should discover a regular and conventionalized propitiation of the dark spirit. One certain evidence of this is the confession of Tituba, the slave of Reverend Parris, and another is the behavior of the children who were known to have indulged in sorceries with her.
There are accounts of similar
klatches
in Europe, where the daughters of the towns would assemble at night and, sometimes with fetishes, sometimes with a selected young man, give themselves to love, with some bastardly results. The Church, sharp-eyed as it must be when gods long dead are brought to life, condemned these orgies as witchcraft and interpreted them rightly, as a resurgence of the Dionysiac forces it had crushed long before. Sex, sin, and the Devil were early linked, and so they continued to be in Salem, and are today. From all accounts there are no more puritanical mores in the world than those enforced by the Communists in Russia, where women’s fashions, for instance, are as prudent and all-covering as any American Baptist would desire. The divorce laws lay a tremendous responsibility on the father for the care of his children. Even the laxity of divorce regulations in the early years of the revolution was undoubtedly a revulsion from the nineteenth-century Victorian immobility of marriage and the consequent hypocrisy that developed from it. If for no other reasons, a state so powerful, so jealous of the uniformity of its citizens, cannot long tolerate the atomization of the family. And yet, in American eyes at least, there remains the conviction that the Russian attitude toward women is lascivious. It is the Devil working again, just as he is working within the Slav who is shocked at the very idea of a woman’s disrobing herself in a burlesque show. Our opposites are always robed in sexual sin, and it is from this unconscious conviction that demonology gains both its attractive sensuality and its capacity to infuriate and frighten.
Coming into Salem now, Reverend Hale conceives of himself much as a young doctor on his first call. His painfully acquired armory of symptoms, catchwords, and diagnostic procedures is now to be put to use at last. The road from Beverly is unusually busy this morning, and he has passed a hundred rumors that make him smile at the ignorance of the yeomanry in this most precise science. He feels himself allied with the best minds of Europe—kings, philosophers, scientists, and ecclesiasts of all churches. His goal is light, goodness and its preservation, and he knows the exaltation of the blessed whose intelligence, sharpened by minute examinations of enormous tracts, is finally called upon to face what may be a bloody fight with the Fiend himself.
He appears loaded down with half a dozen heavy books.
HALE: Pray you, someone take these!
PARRIS, delighted: Mr. Hale! Oh! it’s good to see you again! Taking some books: My, they’re heavy!
HALE,
setting down his books:
They must be; they are weighted with authority.
PARRIS,
a little scared:
Well, you do come prepared!
HALE: We shall need hard study if it comes to tracking down the Old Boy.
Noticing Rebecca :
You cannot be Rebecca Nurse?
REBECCA: I am, sir. Do you know me?
HALE: It’s strange how I knew you, but I suppose you look as such a good soul should. We have all heard of your great charities in Beverly.
PARRIS: Do you know this gentleman? Mr. Thomas Putnam. And his good wife Ann.
HALE: Putnam! I had not expected such distinguished company, sir.
PUTNAM,
pleased:
It does not seem to help us today, Mr. Hale. We look to you to come to our house and save our child.
HALE: Your child ails too?
MRS. PUTNAM: Her soul, her soul seems flown away. She sleeps and yet she walks ...
PUTNAM: She cannot eat.
HALE: Cannot eat!
Thinks on it. Then, to Proctor and Giles Corey:
Do you men have afflicted children?
PARRIS: No, no, these are farmers. John Proctor—
GILES COREY: He don’t believe in witches.
PROCTOR, to
Hale:
I never spoke on witches one way or the other. Will you come, Giles?
GILES: No—no, John, I think not. I have some few queer questions of my own to ask this fellow.
PROCTOR: I’ve heard you to be a sensible man, Mr. Hale. I hope you’ll leave some of it in Salem.
Proctor goes. Hale stands embarrassed for an instant.
PARRIS,
quickly:
Will you look at my daughter, sir?
Leads Hale to the bed.
She has tried to leap out the window; we discovered her this morning on the highroad, waving her arms as though she’d fly.
HALE,
narrowing his eyes:
Tries to fly.
PUTNAM: She cannot bear to hear the Lord’s name, Mr. Hale; that’s a sure sign of witchcraft afloat.
HALE,
holding up his hands:
No, no. Now let me instruct you. We cannot look to superstition in this. The Devil is precise; the marks of his presence are definite as stone, and I must tell you all that I shall not proceed unless you are prepared to believe me if I should find no bruise of Hell upon her.
PARRIS: It is agreed, sir-it is agreed—we will abide by your judgment.
HALE: Good then. He
goes to the bed, looks down at Betty.
To
Parris :
Now, sir, what were your first warning of this strangeness?
PARRIS: Why, sir—I discovered
her—indicating Abigail
—and my niece and ten or twelve of the other girls, dancing in the forest last night.
HALE,
surprised:
You permit dancing?
PARRIS: No, no, it were secret—
MRS. PUTNAM,
unable to wait:
Mr. Parris’s slave has knowledge of conjurin’, sir.
PARRIS, to
Mrs. Putnam:
We cannot be sure of that, Goody Ann—
MRS. PUTNAM,
frightened, very softly:
I know it, sir. I sent my child—she should learn from Tituba who murdered her sisters.
REBECCA,
horrified.-
Goody Ann! You sent a child to conjure up the dead?
MRS. PUTNAM: Let God blame me, not you, not you, Rebecca! I’ll not have you judging me any more!
To Hale:
Is it a natural work to lose seven children before they live a day?
PARRIS: Sssh!
Rebecca,
with great pain, turns her face away. There is a pause.
HALE: Seven dead in childbirth.
MRS. PUTNAM,
softly:
Aye.
Her voice breaks; she looks up at him. Silence. Hale is impressed. Parris looks to him. He goes to his books, opens one, turns pages, then reads. All wait, avidly.
PARRIS,
hushed:
What book is that?
MRS. PUTNAM: What’s there, sir?
HALE,
with a tasty love of intellectual pursuit:
Here is all the invisible world, caught, defined, and calculated. In these books the Devil stands stripped of all his brute disguises. Here are all your familiar spirits—your incubi and succubi; your witches that go by land, by air, and by sea; your wizards of the night and of the day. Have no fear now—we shall find him out if he has come among us, and I mean to crush him utterly if he has shown his face!
He starts for the bed.
REBECCA: Will it hurt the child, sir?
HALE: I cannot tell. If she is truly in the Devil’s grip we may have to rip and tear to get her free.
REBECCA: I think I’ll go, then. I am too old for this.
She rises.
PARRIS,
striving for conviction:
Why, Rebecca, we may open up the boil of all our troubles today!
REBECCA: Let us hope for that. I go to God for you, sir.
PARRIS,
with trepidation
—
and resentment:
I hope you do not mean we go to Satan here!
Slight pause.
REBECCA: I wish I knew.
She goes out; they feel resentful of her note of moral superiority.
PUTNAM,
abruptly:
Come, Mr. Hale, let’s get on. Sit you here.
GILES: Mr. Hale, I have always wanted to ask a learned man—what signifies the readin’ of strange books?
HALE: What books?
GILES: I cannot tell; she hides them.
HALE: Who does this?
GILES: Martha, my wife. I have waked at night many a time and found her in a corner, readin’ of a book. Now what do you make of that?
HALE: Why, that’s not necessarily—
GILES : It discomfits me! Last night—mark this—I tried and tried and could not say my prayers. And then she close her book and walks out of the house, and suddenly—mark this—I could pray again!