Authors: Kent Flannery,Joyce Marcus
154 Shabik’eschee village and the SU site are discussed by W. H. Wills, “Plant Cultivation and the Evolution of Risk-Prone Economies in the Prehistoric American Southwest,” in A. B. Gebauer and T. D. Price, eds., “Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory,”
Monographs in World Archaeology
4 (Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisc., 1992), 153–176, and by Stephen Plog,
Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest
(Thames and Hudson, London, 1997).
155 Steven A. LeBlanc,
Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest
(University of Utah Press, 1999).
155 Tim D. White,
Prehistoric Cannibalism at Mancos 5MTUMR-2346
(Princeton University Press, 1992).
155 G. T. Gross, “Subsistence Change and Architecture: Anasazi Storerooms in the Dolores Region, Colorado,”
Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement
6 (1992): 241–265. For the transition from circular to rectangular houses, also see Timothy A. Kohler, “News from the Northern American Southwest: Prehistory of the Edge of Chaos,”
Journal of Archaeological Research
1 (1993): 267–321.
156 For thoughtful discussions of the level of inequality reached in the Southwest, see Stephen Plog,
Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest,
and two books by Linda S. Cordell:
Prehistory of the Southwest
(Academic Press, New York, 1984);
Ancient Pueblo Peoples
(St. Remy Press, Montreal, 1994).
156 Winifred Creamer,
The Architecture of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico
(School of American Research, Santa Fe, 1993).
157 R. Gwinn Vivian, “An Inquiry into Prehistoric Social Organization in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico,” in William A. Longacre, ed.,
Reconstructing Prehistoric Pueblo Societies
(School of American Research, Santa Fe, 1970), 59–83.
158 Larry Benson et al., “Ancient Maize from Chacoan Great Houses: Where Was It Grown?”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
100 (2003): 13111–13115.
158 George H. Pepper’s discoveries have been reanalyzed by Stephen Plog and Carrie Heitman in “Hierarchy and Social Inequality in the American Southwest,
A.D.
800–1200,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
107 (2010): 19619–19626.
159 James W. Judge, “Chaco Canyon—San Juan Basin,” in Linda S. Cordell and George J. Gumerman, eds.,
Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory
(Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1989), 209–261.
160 Edward P. Dozier, “The Pueblos of the Southwestern United States,”
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
90 (1960): 146–160; Fred Eggan,
Social Organization of the Western Pueblos
(University of Chicago Press, 1950).
161 Images showing the diversity of kivas can be found in Peter Nabokov and Robert Easton,
Native American Architecture
(Oxford University Press, 1989).
163 Alfonso Ortiz,
The Tewa World: Space, Time, Being, and Becoming in a Pueblo Society
(University of Chicago Press, 1969).
167 Mischa Titiev, “Old Oraibi: A Study of the Hopi Indians of Third Mesa,”
Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology
22 (Harvard University, 1944).
170 Jerrold Levy,
Orayvi Revisited: Social Stratification in an “Egalitarian” Society
(School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, N.Mex., 1992).
171 For a perspective on the introduction of Northern Flint corn, see David S. Brose, “Early Mississippian Connections at the Late Woodland Mill Hollow Site in Lorain County, Ohio,”
Midcontinent Journal of Archaeology
18 (1993): 97–110, plus the Appendix on pp. 111–130 by Robert P. Mensforth and Stephanie J. Belovich.
171 W. Raymond Wood, “Plains Village Tradition: Middle Missouri,” in Raymond J. DeMallie, ed.,
Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 13: Plains
(Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 2001), 186–195.
172 The contributions of Prince Maximilian and Charbonneau are discussed in Robert H. Lowie,
The Crow Indians
(Farrar & Rinehart, New York, 1935).
173 For an overview of sacred bundles and the concept of xo’pini, see Frank Henderson Stewart, “Hidatsa,” in Raymond J. DeMallie, ed.,
Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 13,
329–348.
173 For the story of the Water Buster clan’s long-lost bundle, see Patrick Springer, “Medicine Bundles Help Keep Stories from ‘Dream Time,’ ”
The Forum
(Forum Communications, Fargo, N.Dak., 2003), 1–3.
176 Alfred W. Bowers,
Mandan Social and Ceremonial Organization
(University of Chicago Press, 1950); W. Raymond Wood and Lee Irwin, “Mandan,” in Raymond J. DeMallie, ed.,
Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 13,
349–364.
180 Frank Henderson Stewart, “Hidatsa,” in Raymond J. DeMallie, ed.,
Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 13
; Alfred W. Bowers, “Hidatsa Social and Ceremonial Organization,”
Bulletin
194 (Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1965).
181 References to “two-spirit people” can be found in Alfred W. Bowers, “Hidatsa Social and Ceremonial Organization”; W. Raymond Wood and Lee Irwin, “Mandan,” in Raymond J. DeMallie, ed.,
Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 13
; and throughout Raymond J. DeMallie, ed.,
Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 13
.
CHAPTER 10: THE RISE AND FALL OF HEREDITARY INEQUALITY IN FARMING SOCIETIES
188 Simon J. Harrison,
Stealing People’s Names: History and Politics in a Sepik River Cosmology
(Cambridge University Press, 1990).
192 Edmund R. Leach,
Political Systems of Highland Burma
(G. Bell & Sons, London, 1954).
198 Jonathan Friedman,
System, Structure and Contradiction: The Evolution of “Asiatic” Social Formations
(National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, 1979).
201 Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf,
The Konyak Nagas: An Indian Frontier Tribe
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1969).
CHAPTER 11: THREE SOURCES OF POWER IN CHIEFLY SOCIETIES
208 Irving Goldman,
Ancient Polynesian Society
(University of Chicago Press, 1970).
210 Raymond Firth,
We the Tikopia
(George Allen & Unwin, London, 1936);
Social Change in Tikopia: Re-Study of a Polynesian Community After a Generation
(George Allen & Unwin, London, 1959);
History and Traditions of Tikopia
(The Polynesian Society, Wellington, New Zealand, 1961);
Tikopia Ritual and Belief
(George Allen & Unwin, London, 1967).
211 Patrick V. Kirch and Douglas E. Yen, “Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier,”
Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin
238 (Honolulu, 1982).
216 Robert L. Carneiro, “The Nature of the Chiefdom as Revealed by Evidence from the Cauca Valley of Colombia,” in A. Terry Rambo and Kathleen Gillogly, eds., “Profiles in Cultural Evolution,”
Anthropological Papers
85 (Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1991), 167–190. Also see Hermann Trimborn,
Señorío y Barbarie en el Valle de Cauca
(Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, Madrid, 1949).
220 Mary W. Helms,
Ancient Panama: Chiefs in Search of Power
(University of Texas Press, 1979).
220 Richard G. Cooke et al., “Who Crafted, Exchanged, and Displayed Gold in Pre-Columbian Panama?” in Jeffrey Quilter and John W. Hoopes, eds.,
Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia
(Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 2003), 91–158.
222 Samuel Kirkland Lothrop, “Coclé: An Archaeological Study of Central Panama,”
Memoirs VII, Part I
(Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1937). Lothrop not only cites the Spanish colonial manuscripts of Gaspar de Espinoza and Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, but he also describes chiefly burials at the Sitio Conte archaeological site.
222 For an iconographic analysis of Coclé polychrome sumptuary vessels, see Olga F. Linares, “Ecology and the Arts in Ancient Panama: On the Development of Social Rank and Symbolism in the Central Provinces,”
Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology
17 (Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 1977).
223 David Phillipson, in
The Later Prehistory of Eastern and South Africa
(Heinemann, London, 1977), discusses the Bantu migration. Andrew D. Roberts, in
A History of Zambia
(Africana, New York, 1976) and in
A History of the Bemba: Political Growth and Change in North-Eastern Zambia Before 1900
(The Longman Group, London, 1973), discusses early evidence for rank in Luba country.
224 Audrey I. Richards, “The Political System of the Bemba Tribe—North-Eastern Rhodesia,” in Meyer Fortes and E. E. Evans-Pritchard, eds.,
African Political Systems
(Oxford University Press, 1940), 83–120.
CHAPTER 12: FROM RITUAL HOUSE TO TEMPLE IN THE AMERICAS
230 Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery,
Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley
(Thames and Hudson, London, 1996); Michael E. Whalen, “Excavations at Tomaltepec: Evolution of a Formative Community in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico,”
Memoir
12 (Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1981); Robert D. Drennan, “Fábrica San José and Middle Formative Society in the Valley of Oaxaca,”
Memoir
8 (Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1976).
235 Elsa M. Redmond and Charles S. Spencer, “Rituals of Sanctification and the Development of Standardized Temples in Oaxaca, Mexico,”
Cambridge Archaeological Journal
18 (2008): 230–266.
238 Ruth Shady, Camilo Dolorier, Fanny Montesinos, and Lyda Casas, “Los Orígenes de la Civilización en el Perú: El Área Norcentral y el Valle de Supe Durante el Arcaico Tardío,”
Arqueología y Sociedad
13 (2000): 13–48.
239 Robert A. Feldman, “Áspero, Peru: Architecture, Subsistence Economy, and other Artifacts of a Preceramic Maritime Chiefdom” (PhD diss., Harvard University, 1980).
239 Ruth Shady,
La Ciudad Sagrada de Caral-Supe en los Albores de la Civilización en el Perú
(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru, 1997); “Sustento Socioeconómico del Estado Prístino de Supe-Perú: Las Evidencias del Caral-Supe,”
Arqueología y Sociedad
13 (2000): 49–66;
La Civilización de Caral-Supe: 5000 Años de Identidad Cultural en el Perú
(Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Lima, Peru, 2005); “Caral-Supe y su Entorno Natural y Social en los Orígenes de la Civilización,” in Joyce Marcus and Patrick Ryan Williams, eds.,
Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael E. Moseley
(Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, UCLA, Los Angeles, 2009), 99–120. The fish remains from Caral were analyzed by Philippe Beárez and Luís Miranda. See “Análisis Arqueo-Ictiológico del Sector Residencial del Sitio Arqueológico de Caral-Supe, Costa Central del Perú,”
Arqueología y Sociedad
13 (2000): 67–77.
243 Frederic Engel, “A Preceramic Settlement on the Central Coast of Peru: Asia, Unit 1,”
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,
n.s., vol. 53, part 3 (1963).
244 Lorenzo Samaniego, Enrique Vergara, and Henning Bischof, “New Evidence on Cerro Sechín, Casma Valley, Peru,” in Christopher B. Donnan, ed.,
Early Ceremonial Architecture of the Andes
(Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 1985), 165–190; Elena Maldonado,
Arqueología de Cerro Sechín, vol. 1: Arquitectura
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima and Fundación Volkswagenwerk-Alemania, 1992).
246 The sumptuary goods found at Kuntur Wasi are described in Richard L. Burger, “Current Research in Andean South America,”
American Antiquity
56 (1991): 151–156.
247 An excellent overview of Chavín de Huántar can be found in Richard L. Burger,
Chavín and the Origins of Andean Civilization
(Thames and Hudson, London, 1992). See also Luis G. Lumbreras and Hernán Amat, “Informe Preliminar Sobre las Galerías Interiores de Chavín (Primera Temporada de Trabajos),”
Revista del Museo Nacional
34 (1965–1966): 143–197.
247 Craig Morris’s suggestion that Chavín possessed an oracle can be found in Craig Morris and Adriana von Hagen,
The Inka Empire and Its Andean Origins
(Abbeville Press, for the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1993). Michael Moseley’s interpretation of Chavín can be found in Michael Moseley,
The Incas and Their Ancestors
(Thames and Hudson, London, 1992).
CHAPTER 13: ARISTOCRACY WITHOUT CHIEFS
251 Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf,
The Apa Tanis and Their Neighbours
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1962).
CHAPTER 14: TEMPLES AND INEQUALITY IN EARLY MESOPOTAMIA
263 Seton Lloyd and Fuad Safar, “Tell Hassuna,”
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
4 (1945): 255–289.
263 Joan Oates, “Choga Mami 1967–68: A Preliminary Report,”
Iraq
31 (1969): 115–152.
263 Faisal El-Wailly and Behnam Abu al-Soof, “The Excavations at Tell es-Sawwan: First Preliminary Report (1964),”
Sumer
21 (1965): 17–32; K. H. al-A’dami, “Excavations at Tell es-Sawwan (Second Season),”
Sumer
24 (1968): 57–98; Ghanim Wahida, “The Excavations of the Third Season at Tell es-Sawwan, 1966,”
Sumer
23 (1967): 167–178; Behnam Abu al-Soof, “Tell es-Sawwan Excavations of the Fourth Season,”
Sumer
24 (1968): 3–16.
265 Manfred Korfmann, “The Sling as a Weapon,”
Scientific American
229 (1973): 34–42.