Authors: Edward J. Larson
Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion (55 page)
BOOK: Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion
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47
K. T. McConnico to Charles L. Cornelius, 16 September 1926, in Peay Papers, GP 40—24.
K. T. McConnico to Charles L. Cornelius, 16 September 1926, in Peay Papers, GP 40—24.
48
Austin Peay to Samuel Untermyer, 19 September 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40-24.
Austin Peay to Samuel Untermyer, 19 September 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40-24.
49
“Condensed Minutes of Annual Meeting,”
Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Sciences
1 (1925), 9; Wilson L. Newman to Austin Peay, 5 December 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40-13.
“Condensed Minutes of Annual Meeting,”
Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Sciences
1 (1925), 9; Wilson L. Newman to Austin Peay, 5 December 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40-13.
50
For the correspondence to Peay on this matter, see Peay Papers, GP 40—13, which also includes a
Nashville Banner
article summarizing the letters. For the ACLU offer to support a challenge to the Mississippi law, see American Civil Liberties Union, “Press Service,” 20 March 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.
For the correspondence to Peay on this matter, see Peay Papers, GP 40—13, which also includes a
Nashville Banner
article summarizing the letters. For the ACLU offer to support a challenge to the Mississippi law, see American Civil Liberties Union, “Press Service,” 20 March 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.
51
George F. Milton to Austin Peay, 8 August 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40—24; Franklin Reynolds to Forrest Bailey, 18 March 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; John T. Scopes to Roger N. Baldwin, 8 August 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.
George F. Milton to Austin Peay, 8 August 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40—24; Franklin Reynolds to Forrest Bailey, 18 March 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; John T. Scopes to Roger N. Baldwin, 8 August 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.
52
Forrest Bailey to Arthur Garfield Hays, 5 January 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Forrest Bailey to Robert S. Keebler, 5 January 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Arthur Garfield Hays to Forrest Bailey, 6 January 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Robert S. Keebler to Forrest Bailey, 9 February 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Arthur Garfield Hays to Walter Nelles, 9 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274. Bailey miscounted the number of Tennessee and non-Tennessee lawyers on the defense brief. There were five “foreigners” (Darrow, Malone, Hays, Rosensohl, and the ACLU attorney Walter H. Pollak), and four “natives” (Neal, Keebler, Spurlock, and a local attorney named Frank McElwee, who had advised the defense throughout the trial and appeal).
Forrest Bailey to Arthur Garfield Hays, 5 January 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Forrest Bailey to Robert S. Keebler, 5 January 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Arthur Garfield Hays to Forrest Bailey, 6 January 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Robert S. Keebler to Forrest Bailey, 9 February 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Arthur Garfield Hays to Walter Nelles, 9 September 1925, in ACLU Archives, vol. 274. Bailey miscounted the number of Tennessee and non-Tennessee lawyers on the defense brief. There were five “foreigners” (Darrow, Malone, Hays, Rosensohl, and the ACLU attorney Walter H. Pollak), and four “natives” (Neal, Keebler, Spurlock, and a local attorney named Frank McElwee, who had advised the defense throughout the trial and appeal).
53
John Randolph Neal to Forrest Bailey, 15 February 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.
John Randolph Neal to Forrest Bailey, 15 February 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.
54
“Reply Brief and Argument for the State of Tennessee,” State v. Scopes, 154 Tenn. 105 (1926), pp. 14, 78-80, 380 (emphasis in original).
“Reply Brief and Argument for the State of Tennessee,” State v. Scopes, 154 Tenn. 105 (1926), pp. 14, 78-80, 380 (emphasis in original).
55
“Brief and Argument of the Tennessee Academy of Sciences as Amicus Curiae,” Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105 (1926), pp. 16, 90, 154.
“Brief and Argument of the Tennessee Academy of Sciences as Amicus Curiae,” Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105 (1926), pp. 16, 90, 154.
56
“World Awaits Scopes Hearing Here Monday,”
Nashville Banner,
30 May 1926, p. 1; “State Defends Anti-Evolution Law,”
Knoxville Journal,
1 June I926, p. I.
“World Awaits Scopes Hearing Here Monday,”
Nashville Banner,
30 May 1926, p. 1; “State Defends Anti-Evolution Law,”
Knoxville Journal,
1 June I926, p. I.
57
“Supreme Court Hears Scopes Case,”
Nashville Banner,
31 May 1926, p. 1.
“Supreme Court Hears Scopes Case,”
Nashville Banner,
31 May 1926, p. 1.
58
Ibid.; “Anti-Evolution Law Called ‘Capricious’,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 1 June 1926, p. 1.
Ibid.; “Anti-Evolution Law Called ‘Capricious’,”
Commercial Appeal
(Memphis), 1 June 1926, p. 1.
59
“Supreme Court Hears Scopes Case,” 1.
“Supreme Court Hears Scopes Case,” 1.
60
William Hutchinson, “Darrow Makes Fervid Plea,”
Nashville Banner,
1 June 1926, p. 1.
William Hutchinson, “Darrow Makes Fervid Plea,”
Nashville Banner,
1 June 1926, p. 1.
61
“Scopes Case Rests in Hands of State’s Highest Tribunal,”
Knoxville
Journal, 2 June 1926, p. 1; “Darrow and McConnico Speak in Scopes Case,”
Nashville
Banner, 1 June 1926, p. 1.
“Scopes Case Rests in Hands of State’s Highest Tribunal,”
Knoxville
Journal, 2 June 1926, p. 1; “Darrow and McConnico Speak in Scopes Case,”
Nashville
Banner, 1 June 1926, p. 1.
62
Ibid.; “Darrow Declares Science as Real as Religion,”
Chattanooga Times,
2 June 1926, p. 1.
Ibid.; “Darrow Declares Science as Real as Religion,”
Chattanooga Times,
2 June 1926, p. 1.
63
“Argument of Clarence Darrow,” Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105 (1926), pp. 17, 26-28, in Darrow Papers; Hutchinson, “Darrow Makes Fervid Plea,” 1; Hays,
Let Freedom Ring,
80.
“Argument of Clarence Darrow,” Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105 (1926), pp. 17, 26-28, in Darrow Papers; Hutchinson, “Darrow Makes Fervid Plea,” 1; Hays,
Let Freedom Ring,
80.
64
Hays,
Let Freedom Ring,
80; “Religious Issue Flares in Scopes Case Pleas,”
Chattanooga Times,
1 June 1926, p. 1; “Scopes Case,” 1 (Associated Press wire story).
Hays,
Let Freedom Ring,
80; “Religious Issue Flares in Scopes Case Pleas,”
Chattanooga Times,
1 June 1926, p. 1; “Scopes Case,” 1 (Associated Press wire story).
65
Forrest Bailey to Clarence Darrow, 3 June 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Clarence Darrow to Forrest Bailey, 9 June 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Roger N. Baldwin to John T. Scopes, 10 August 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Wolcott H. Pitkin to Felix Frankfurter, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.
Forrest Bailey to Clarence Darrow, 3 June 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Clarence Darrow to Forrest Bailey, 9 June 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Roger N. Baldwin to John T. Scopes, 10 August 1926, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299; Wolcott H. Pitkin to Felix Frankfurter, in ACLU Archives, vol. 299.
66
Scopes,
Center of the Storm,
237.
Scopes,
Center of the Storm,
237.
67
Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105, 289 S.W. at 363, 364, 367, 370 (1927).
Scopes v. State, 154 Tenn. 105, 289 S.W. at 363, 364, 367, 370 (1927).
68
Ibid., 289 S.W. at 367.
Ibid., 289 S.W. at 367.
69
“Scopes Goes Free, but Law Is Upheld,”
New York Times,
16 January 1927, p. 1; “Will Ask Court to Rehear Case,”
Nashville Banner,
17 January 1927, p. 1.
“Scopes Goes Free, but Law Is Upheld,”
New York Times,
16 January 1927, p. 1; “Will Ask Court to Rehear Case,”
Nashville Banner,
17 January 1927, p. 1.
70
“Finis Is Written in Scopes Case,”
Nashville Banner,
16 January 1927, p. 1.
“Finis Is Written in Scopes Case,”
Nashville Banner,
16 January 1927, p. 1.
71
Lida B. Robertson to Governor Peay, 11 August 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40-13.
Lida B. Robertson to Governor Peay, 11 August 1925, in Peay Papers, GP 40-13.
72
Shipl y,
War on Science,
III.
Shipl y,
War on Science,
III.
73
See, e.g., Virginia Gray, “Anti-Evolution Sentiment and Behavior: The Case of Arkansas,”
Journal of American History
62 (1970), 357-65.
See, e.g., Virginia Gray, “Anti-Evolution Sentiment and Behavior: The Case of Arkansas,”
Journal of American History
62 (1970), 357-65.
74
“Malone Talks,” 13; “The Inquisition in Tennessee,”
The Forum
74 (1925), 159; Edwin Mims, “Mr. Mencken and Mr. Sherman: Smartness and Light,” in Mims Papers, box 19; Edward J. Larson,
Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 83-84.
“Malone Talks,” 13; “The Inquisition in Tennessee,”
The Forum
74 (1925), 159; Edwin Mims, “Mr. Mencken and Mr. Sherman: Smartness and Light,” in Mims Papers, box 19; Edward J. Larson,
Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 83-84.
75
Hays, “Strategy of the Scopes Defense,” 157; Clarence Darrow,
The Story of My Life
(New York: Grosset, 1932), 267. See also Hays,
Let Freedom Ring,
79; Arthur Garfield Hays, City Lawyer (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1942), 215.
Hays, “Strategy of the Scopes Defense,” 157; Clarence Darrow,
The Story of My Life
(New York: Grosset, 1932), 267. See also Hays,
Let Freedom Ring,
79; Arthur Garfield Hays, City Lawyer (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1942), 215.
76
W. B. Riley, “The World’s Christian Fundamentals Association and the Scopes Trial,”
Christian Fundamentals in School and Church
7 (October 1925), 39-40.
W. B. Riley, “The World’s Christian Fundamentals Association and the Scopes Trial,”
Christian Fundamentals in School and Church
7 (October 1925), 39-40.
77
Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard,
The Rise of American Civilization,
vol. 2 (New York: Macmillan, 1928), 752-53.
Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard,
The Rise of American Civilization,
vol. 2 (New York: Macmillan, 1928), 752-53.
78
Preston William Slosson,
The Great Crusade and After
(New York: Macmillan, 1931), 432-33. For a similar account, see William W. Sweet, The
Story of Religion in America
(New York: Harper, 1930), 513.
Preston William Slosson,
The Great Crusade and After
(New York: Macmillan, 1931), 432-33. For a similar account, see William W. Sweet, The
Story of Religion in America
(New York: Harper, 1930), 513.
79
Paxton Hibbon,
Peerless Leader: William Jennings Bryan
(New York: Farrar, 1929), 402 (quote); Morris R. Werner,
Bryan
(New York: Harcourt, 1929), 339-55-
Paxton Hibbon,
Peerless Leader: William Jennings Bryan
(New York: Farrar, 1929), 402 (quote); Morris R. Werner,
Bryan
(New York: Harcourt, 1929), 339-55-
80
For an extended analysis of this issue, see Paul M. Waggoner, “The Historiography of the Scopes Trial: A Critical Re-evaluation,”
Trinity Journal
(new series), 5 (1985), 161.
For an extended analysis of this issue, see Paul M. Waggoner, “The Historiography of the Scopes Trial: A Critical Re-evaluation,”
Trinity Journal
(new series), 5 (1985), 161.
1
Frederick Lewis Allen,
Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties
(reprint, New York: Harper, 1964), 163—71.
Frederick Lewis Allen,
Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties
(reprint, New York: Harper, 1964), 163—71.
2
Ibid., 163-64, 170; Clarence Darrow,
The Story of My Life
(New York: Grosset, 1932), 267.
Ibid., 163-64, 170; Clarence Darrow,
The Story of My Life
(New York: Grosset, 1932), 267.
3
Allen,
Only Yesterday,
vii-viii.
Allen,
Only Yesterday,
vii-viii.
4
Roderick Nash,
The Nervous Generation: American Thought, 1917—1930
(Chicago: Rand McNally, 1970), 5-8. See also Darwin Payne,
The Making of Only Yesterday: Frederick Lewis Allen
(New York: Harper, 1975), 98-103.
Roderick Nash,
The Nervous Generation: American Thought, 1917—1930
(Chicago: Rand McNally, 1970), 5-8. See also Darwin Payne,
The Making of Only Yesterday: Frederick Lewis Allen
(New York: Harper, 1975), 98-103.
5
Ernst Mayr, personal communication, 1 December 1995.
Ernst Mayr, personal communication, 1 December 1995.
6
Allen,
Only Yesterday,
168—70; Paul M. Waggoner, “The Historiography of the Scopes Trial: A Critical Re-evaluation,”
Trinity Journal
(new series), 5 (1985), 161.
Allen,
Only Yesterday,
168—70; Paul M. Waggoner, “The Historiography of the Scopes Trial: A Critical Re-evaluation,”
Trinity Journal
(new series), 5 (1985), 161.
7
Gaius Glen Atkins,
Religion in Our Times
(New York: Round Table, 1932), 250-52; Mark Sullivan,
Our Times: The United States, 1900-1925
(New York: Scribner’s, 1935), 644.
Gaius Glen Atkins,
Religion in Our Times
(New York: Round Table, 1932), 250-52; Mark Sullivan,
Our Times: The United States, 1900-1925
(New York: Scribner’s, 1935), 644.
8
William W. Sweet,
The Story of Religion in America
(New York: Harper, 1930), 513; William W. Sweet,
The Story of Religion in America,
rev. ed. (New York: Harper, 1939); Irving Stone,
Clarence Darrow for the Defense
(Garden City: Doubleday, 1941), 437.
William W. Sweet,
The Story of Religion in America
(New York: Harper, 1930), 513; William W. Sweet,
The Story of Religion in America,
rev. ed. (New York: Harper, 1939); Irving Stone,
Clarence Darrow for the Defense
(Garden City: Doubleday, 1941), 437.
9
W. J. Bryan to Dr. Howard A. Kelly, 17 June 1925, in Bryan Papers; John Thomas Scopes to Editor, Forum (June 1925), xxvi.
W. J. Bryan to Dr. Howard A. Kelly, 17 June 1925, in Bryan Papers; John Thomas Scopes to Editor, Forum (June 1925), xxvi.
10
William Vance Trollinger, Jr., “Introduction,” in William Vance Trollinger, Jr., ed.,
The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley
(New York: Garland, 1995), xvii—xviii.
William Vance Trollinger, Jr., “Introduction,” in William Vance Trollinger, Jr., ed.,
The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley
(New York: Garland, 1995), xvii—xviii.
11
Howard W. Odum,
An American Epoch: Southern Portraiture in the National Picture
(New York: Holt, 1930), 167-68. For a similar comment later in the decade, see Howard W. Odum,
Southern Regions of the United States
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1936), 501, 527.
Howard W. Odum,
An American Epoch: Southern Portraiture in the National Picture
(New York: Holt, 1930), 167-68. For a similar comment later in the decade, see Howard W. Odum,
Southern Regions of the United States
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1936), 501, 527.
12
C. H. Thurber to W. J. Bryan, 21 November 1923, in Bryan Papers; W. J. Bryan to C. H. Thurber, 22 December 1923, in Bryan Papers.
C. H. Thurber to W. J. Bryan, 21 November 1923, in Bryan Papers; W. J. Bryan to C. H. Thurber, 22 December 1923, in Bryan Papers.
13
Compare George William Hunter,
A Civic Biology
(New York: American, 1914), 193-96, 235, 404-6, 423, with George William Hunter,
A New Civic Biology
(New York: American, 1926), 250, 383, 411-12, 436. For a broad analysis of multiple texts, see Judith V. Grabner and Peter D. Miller, “Effect of the Scopes Trial,” Science 185 (1974), 832-37; Gerald Skoog, “The Topic of Evolution in Secondary School Biology Textbooks: 1900-1977,”
Science Education 63
(1979), 620—36; Edward J. Larson,
Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 84-88.
Compare George William Hunter,
A Civic Biology
(New York: American, 1914), 193-96, 235, 404-6, 423, with George William Hunter,
A New Civic Biology
(New York: American, 1926), 250, 383, 411-12, 436. For a broad analysis of multiple texts, see Judith V. Grabner and Peter D. Miller, “Effect of the Scopes Trial,” Science 185 (1974), 832-37; Gerald Skoog, “The Topic of Evolution in Secondary School Biology Textbooks: 1900-1977,”
Science Education 63
(1979), 620—36; Edward J. Larson,
Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 84-88.
14
Ronald L. Numbers,
The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism
(New York: Knopf, 1992), ioo; Edward B. Davis, “Introduction,” in Edward B. Davis, ed.,
The Antievolution Pamphlets of Harry Rimmer
(New York: Garland, 1995), xvi-xix.
Ronald L. Numbers,
The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism
(New York: Knopf, 1992), ioo; Edward B. Davis, “Introduction,” in Edward B. Davis, ed.,
The Antievolution Pamphlets of Harry Rimmer
(New York: Garland, 1995), xvi-xix.
15
George M. Marsden,
Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, r8
7
o-rgas
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 184—85.
George M. Marsden,
Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, r8
7
o-rgas
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 184—85.
16
Joel A. Carpenter, “Fundamentalist Institutions and the Rise of Evangelical Protestantism, 1929—1942,”
Church History
49 (1980), 62-75 (Carpenter quote from Marsden,
Fundamentalism and American Culture,
194).
Joel A. Carpenter, “Fundamentalist Institutions and the Rise of Evangelical Protestantism, 1929—1942,”
Church History
49 (1980), 62-75 (Carpenter quote from Marsden,
Fundamentalism and American Culture,
194).
17
Ronald L. Numbers, “The Creationists,” in Martin E. Marty, ed.,
Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism
(Munich: Saur, 1993), 261.
Ronald L. Numbers, “The Creationists,” in Martin E. Marty, ed.,
Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism
(Munich: Saur, 1993), 261.
18
John 18:36 (AV); 1 Cor. 1:20 (AV).
John 18:36 (AV); 1 Cor. 1:20 (AV).
19
“I’ll Fly Away,” in
Wonderful Melody
(Hartford, Conn.: Hartford Music, I932).
“I’ll Fly Away,” in
Wonderful Melody
(Hartford, Conn.: Hartford Music, I932).
20
Richard Hofstadter,
The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made It
(New York: Knopf, 1948), 199-202. For later, more balanced presentations, see Lawrence W. Levine,
Defender of the Faith: William Jennings Bryan, The Last Decade, 1915-1925
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1965); Paolo E. Coletta,
William Jennings Bryan.
Vol. 3.
Political Puritan, 1915—1925
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1969).
Richard Hofstadter,
The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made It
(New York: Knopf, 1948), 199-202. For later, more balanced presentations, see Lawrence W. Levine,
Defender of the Faith: William Jennings Bryan, The Last Decade, 1915-1925
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1965); Paolo E. Coletta,
William Jennings Bryan.
Vol. 3.
Political Puritan, 1915—1925
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1969).
21
Norman F. Furniss,
The Fundamentalist Controversy, 1918—1931
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1954), 3.
Norman F. Furniss,
The Fundamentalist Controversy, 1918—1931
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1954), 3.
22
William E. Leuchtenburg,
The Perils of Prosperity, 1914- 1932
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 217-23.
William E. Leuchtenburg,
The Perils of Prosperity, 1914- 1932
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 217-23.
23
Ray Ginger,
Six Days or Forever? Tennessee v. John Thomas
Scopes (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), 190-217, 238.
Ray Ginger,
Six Days or Forever? Tennessee v. John Thomas
Scopes (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), 190-217, 238.
24
Richard Hofstadter,
The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R.
(New York: Knopf, 1955), 286.
Richard Hofstadter,
The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R.
(New York: Knopf, 1955), 286.
25
Richard Hofstadter, William Miller, and Daniel Aaron,
The United States: The History of a Republic
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1957), 636; Irwin Unger,
These United States: The Questions of Our Past,
vol. 2, 6th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1995), 712; Samuel Eliot Morison, Henry Steele Commanger, and William E. Leuchtenburg, A
Concise History of the American Republic,
rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 588; William Miller,
A New History of the United States
(New York: Braziller, 1958), 356. A half-dozen other collegiate textbooks published between 1960 and 1995 contain similar accounts of the trial.
Richard Hofstadter, William Miller, and Daniel Aaron,
The United States: The History of a Republic
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1957), 636; Irwin Unger,
These United States: The Questions of Our Past,
vol. 2, 6th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1995), 712; Samuel Eliot Morison, Henry Steele Commanger, and William E. Leuchtenburg, A
Concise History of the American Republic,
rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 588; William Miller,
A New History of the United States
(New York: Braziller, 1958), 356. A half-dozen other collegiate textbooks published between 1960 and 1995 contain similar accounts of the trial.
BOOK: Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion
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