Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II (86 page)

5

Tomasevich, p. 753.

6

Ibid., pp. 757—63; Bethell, pp. 118—22. For British estimates of numbers see TNA: PRO WO 170/4465, WO 106/4022 X/L 03659 and FO 371/48918 R 8700/1728/92. Yugoslav estimates appear to agree – see Tito’s communication with Field Marshal Alexander of 17 May 1945 in Rupi
et al., doc. 31, p. 116.

7

See Alexander’s telegrams to AGWAR and AMSSO, 17 May 1945, TNA: PRO FO 371/48918 R 8700/G; and to the Combined Chiefs of Staff, TNA: PRO WO 106/4022. See also Bethell, pp. 131—5,147—55; Tomasevich, pp. 773-4; Pavlowitch, p. 264. For eyewitness accounts of British deceptions see Nicolson, pp. 120—22 and testimonies by A. Markotic and Hasan Selimovic in Prcela and Guldescu, docs. XXIV and XXVII, pp. 279, 292.

8

Prcela and Guldescu,
passim.

9

See the testimonies gathered by Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. I:
Jugoslawien, passim.

10

In Prcela and Guldescu, doc. XIV, p. 215.

11

Account of ‘Ivan P.’, ibid., doc. XXXIV, p. 335.

12

Account of ‘G.’, ibid., doc. LV, p. 417.

13

Account of Hasan Selimovic, ibid., doc. XXVII, p. 294.

14

Branko Todorovic account, 25 June 1945, TNA: PRO FO 1020/2445.

15

In Prcela and Guldescu, doc. XXII, pp. 265—6.

16

Accounts of M. Stankovic, Zvonomir Skok and Ante Dragosevic, ibid., docs. XIV, XXIII and XXVI; pp. 213, 274 and 289.

17

Unnamed officer quoted in Karapandzich, pp. 72—3.

18

Account of ‘L.Z.’ in Prcela and Guldescu, doc. XXXII, p. 325. For corroboration of all the above from German witnesses, see Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. I:
Jugoslawien,
p. 108.

19

See Tomasevich, pp. 761, 765; Pavlowitch, p. 262.

20

Account of ‘I.G.I.’ in Prcela and Guldescu, doc. XLIV, p. 375.

21

Tomasevich, p. 774.

22

Accounts of ‘I.G.I.’ and ’M.L.’ in Prcela and Guldescu, docs. XLIV and XLVI, PP.375,381.

23

Account of Ignac Jansa ibid., doc. XLV, pp. 377—9.

24

Report of Vladimir Zinger and others, Karapandzich, pp. 91—113. Accounts of ‘J.F.’ and ‘S.F.’ in Prcela and Guldescu, docs. XLII and XLIII, pp. 369—70.

25

Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. 1:
Jugoslawien,
p. 108.

26

Account of ‘K.L.V’ in Prcela and Guldescu, doc. XXXIX, p. 360.

27

Petacco, pp. 90—94.

28

Account of ’M.M.’ in Prcela and Guldescu, doc. XXXVIII, p. 358.

29

Account of Milan Zajec ibid., doc. XLVII, p. 385.

30

See, for example, Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. 1:
Jugoslawien,
pp. 107—34; and Rupi
et al., doc. 87, p. 249.

31

Minutes of the first conference of the head of Odjel za zaštitu narodna for Croatia, July 1945, in Rupi
et al., doc. 80, p. 236.

32

Mazower,
Balkans,
pp. 143 – 51.

33

Tomasevich, p. 765. 70,000 killings represents about 466 per 100,000 of population, as compared to 22 in France, and between 26 and 44 in Italy – see ch. 13. Werner Ratza gives 80,000 prisoners of war, including Germans but not Yugoslav civilians, in ‘Anzahl und Arbeitsleistungen der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen’, in Maschke, vol. XV:
Zusammenfassung,
pp. 207, 224—6.

34

Account by Dusan Vukovic in Prcela and Guldescu, doc. LXVII, pp. 461—4.

35

Accounts of Ivan S. Skoro and Franjo Krakaj ibid., docs. XXI and XXII, pp. 258, 268; and by a Red Cross nurse quoted by Kurt W. Böhme in Maschke, vol. I:
Jugoslawien,
p. 121.

36

Account of postwar trial by lawyer Henri Rochat, quoted in Marcel Ophüls’s film documentary
Le Chagrin et la Pitié,
part II: ‘Le Choix’.

37

Bodson, p. 145.

38

Report of Interior Ministry for Federative Croatia to Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia, 10 July 1945, in Rupi
et al., doc. 67, p. 188.

39

Interview in
Encounter,
vol. 53, no. 6, reproduced in Karapandzich, p. 170.

40

Tito quoted in Djilas,
Wartime,
p. 449.

CHAPTER 21
WESTERN TOLERANCE, EASTERN INTOLERANCE

1

Shephard,
Long Road Home,
p. 158; Hitchcock, pp. 50
55.