Read Qatar: Small State, Big Politics Online
Authors: Mehran Kamrava
Qatar: Small State, Big Politics (38 page)
17
. Qatar National Bank,
Qatar Economic Review, October 2009
(Doha, 2009), 28.
18
. Ibid., 29.
19
. “Qatari Property Prices Now Stable, Outlook Positive,” 11 April 2012,
http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Middle-East/Qatar/Price-History
, 11 April 2012.
20
. “Dohaland Signs $430 Million Deal with Hyundai, HBK,”
Bloomberg Businessweek
, 25 April 2010,
http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-25/dohaland-signs-430-million-deal-with-hyundai-hbk-update1-.html
.
21
. Skocpol, “Bringing the State Back In,” 18.
22
. Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Skocpol, “On the Road toward a More Adequate Understanding of the State,” in Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds.
Bringing the State Back In
(Cambridge, 1985), 351.
23
. Francis Fukuyama, “The Imperative of State-Building,”
Journal of Democracy
15, no. 2 (April 2004), 21–22.
24
. Linda Weiss,
The Myth of the Powerless State
(Ithaca, 1998), 19.
25
. Quoted in Shahar Hameiri, “Failed States or a Failed Paradigm?”
Journal of International Relations and Development
10, no. 2 (2007), 123.
26
. Ibid., 141.
27
. Atul Kohli,
State-Directed Development
(Cambridge, 2004), 21.
28
. Dan Breznitz,
Innovation and the State
(New Haven, CT, 2007), 3.
29
. Meredith Woo-Cumings, “Introduction,” in Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed.
The Developmental State
(Ithaca, 1999), 4.
30
. Atul Kohli, “Where Do High Growth Political Economics Come From?” in ibid., 133.
31
. Weiss,
The Myth of the Powerless State
, 209.
32
. T. J. Pempel, “The Developmental Regime in a Changing World Economy,” in Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed.,
The Developmental State
(Ithaca, 1999), 160.
33
. Ziya Önig¸, “The Logic of the Developmental State,”
Comparative Politics
24, no. 1 (October 1991), 111.
34
. Michael Loriaux, “The French Developmental State as Myth and Moral Ambition,” in Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed.,
The Developmental State
(Ithaca, 1999), 252. Along similar lines, Sally Cummings and Ole Norgaard introduce the notion of “ideational state capacity,” which they take to mean “the degree to which elite members and the population more widely legitimate and accept the state, with the emphasis on elite legitimation.” Sally N. Cummings and Ole Norgaard, “Conceptualising State Capacity,”
Political Studies
52 (2004), 687.
35
. Öniğ, “The Logic of the Developmental State,” 114–115.
36
. Evans, Rueschemeyer, and Skocpol, “On the Road toward a More Adequate Understanding of the State,” 355.
37
. Peter Evans,
Embedded Autonomy
(Princeton, NJ, 1995), 12. Embeddedness, Evans argues, “implies a concrete set of connections that link the state intimately and aggressively to particular social groups with whom the state shares a joint project of transformation” (59).
38
. Ibid., 72.
39
. Woo-Cumings, “Introduction,” 10.
40
. Ibid., 16.
41
. Ibid., 12.
42
. Evans,
Embedded Autonomy
, 228.
43
. Ibid., 61.
44
. Nazih N. Ayubi,
Over-Stating the Arab State
(London, 1999), 228.
45
. Barwa,
2010 Annual Report: Building Qatar’s Future
(Doha, 2010), 6.
46
. UDC,
2011 Annual Report
(Doha, 2011), 6.
47
. Ibid., 12.
48
. Evans,
Embedded Autonomy
, 248.
49
. Weiss,
The Myth of the Powerless State
, 211.
50
. Evans,
Embedded Autonomy
, 6.
51
. David Waldner,
State Building and Late Development
(Ithaca, 1999), 2.
52
. Ibid., 26.
53
. Ibid., 3.
54
. James C. Scott,
Seeing Like a State
(New Haven, CT, 1998), 89–90.
55
. Ibid., 92.
56
. Ibid., 93, 95, 346, 95, 104.
57
. In a way, this sort of “created” historical depth in Qatar is itself an aspect of the state’s social engineering project. Preservation of a very particular state-defined historical path is linked to the present, and used to enhance and add legitimacy to the state-driven project. How else to reconcile the obvious illogic of having an anarchic monarchy leading a modernization project, but to say that this anarchic monarchy is steeped in reified tradition and culture.
59
. Qatari Diar,
The Art of Real Estate
(Doha, n.d.), 1–4.
61
. Mehran Kamrava, “The Political Economy of Rentierism in the Persian Gulf,” in Mehran Kamrava, ed.
The Political Economy of the Persian Gulf
(New York, 2012), 39–80.
62
. UDC, for example, has recently had to look for investors, as it wants to sell off chunks of its Pearl assets. It has been struggling financially to complete still to be constructed portions of the island, and in early 2012 the company’s president is reported to have resigned. Because state authorities consider the failure of the Pearl to be unacceptable, the Qatar National Bank has been brought in to take on an active role in finding the funding for the completion of the Pearl,
http://www.gulfbase.com/news/qatar-s-udc-says-investor-still-seeking-stake-in-the-company/200675
.
63
. Scott,
Seeing Like a State
, 96.
64
. Ayubi,
Over-Stating the Arab State
, 235.
65
. Ibid., 227.
66
. Allen J. Fromherz,
Qatar
(London, 2012), 112.
67
. Ayubi,
Over-Stating the Arab State
, 228.
68
. Ali al-Tarrah, “Family in the Kinship State,” in Alanound Alsharekh, ed.,
The Gulf Family
(London, 2007), 123.
69
. Planning Council,
Turning Qatar into a Competitive Knowledge-Based Economy
(Doha, 2007), 26.
70
. Ibid., 26, 15, 25.
71
. See Louay Constant, et al.,
Facing Human Capital Challenges of the 21st Century
(Santa Monica, CA, 2009); Cathleen Stasz, et al.,
Post-Secondary Education in Qatar
(Santa Monica, CA, 2008); and Gail L. Zellman, et al.,
Education for a New Era
(Santa Monica, CA, 2007).
72
. Zamila Bunglawala, “Nurturing a Knowledge Economy in Qatar,” Brooking Doha Center, Policy Briefing, September 2011, p. 3.
73
. Kristian Coats Ulrichsen,
Insecure Gulf
(New York, 2011), 97.
74
. Ibid., 96.
75
. “Multiple Positions in the Qatari Federation,”
Al Annabi Forum
, 10 March 2010,
http://www.al3nabi.com
.
76
. Faisal Al Marzooqi, “The Rewards of Those Who Read, but Never Understand,”
Al Arab
(Doha), 9 October 2011.
77
. See, for example, “According to the Constitution, Law, and Religion, Citizens Demand the Banning of Alcohol,”
Our Country
, 2 February 2012,
http://soso-bldna.blogspot.com
.
78
. One Twitter post stated: “I never thought the day would come that I have to ask the waiter in a restaurant in Qatar what kind of meat is in their burgers.” Quoted in “Qatar, Unveiling Tensions, Suspends Sale of Alcohol,” 7 January 2012,
http://www.zawya.com
.
79
. Quoted in ibid.
80
. “Qatar Will Break from the Center It Is Plays Too Big of a Role in Libya,”
Qatar Shares
, 13 November 2011,
http://qatarshares.com
.
81
. Neil Patrick, “Nationalism in the Gulf States,” in David Held and Kristian Ulrichsen, eds.,
The Transformation of the Gulf
(London, 2012), 59.
82
. Ibid., 61, 59, 62–63.
83
. Ibid., 53.
6. Qatar’s Moment in History
1
. Ziya Önig¸, “The Logic of the Developmental State,”
Comparative Politics
24, no. 1 (October 1991), 120.
2
. See Christopher Davidson,
Abu Dhabi
(New York, 2009).
3
. Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds.,
Bringing the State Back In
(Cambridge, 1985). See also Peter Evans, “The Eclipse of the State?”
World Politics
59 (October 1997), 62–87.