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. Dublin: Mercier Press, 1999.

Dewey, Thomas E.
Twenty Against the Underworld
. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974.

Doctorow, E.L.
Billy Bathgate
. New York: Harper & Row, 1989.

Downey, Patrick.
Gangster City: A History of the New York Underworld, 1900–1935
. Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade, 2004.

English, T.J.
The Westies: Inside the Hell’s Kitchen Irish Mob
. New York: Putnam, 1990.

Farrell, James T.
Studs Lonigan: A Trilogy
. New York: Random House, 1935.

Fitzgerald, F. Scott.
The Great Gatsby
. New York: Scribner’s, 1925.

Fowler, Gene.
Beau James: The Life and Times of Jimmy Walker
. New York: Viking, 1949.

Fried, Albert.
The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America
. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980.

Gambino, Richard.
Vendetta: The True Story of the Largest Lynching in U.S. History
. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977.

Giancana, Sam & Chuck.
Double Cross: The Explosive Inside Story of the Mobster Who Controlled America
. New York: Warner Books, 1992.

Goddard, Donald.
All Fall Down: One Man Against the Waterfront Mob
. New York: Times Books, 1980.

Goodwin, Doris Kearns.
The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys: An American Saga
. New York: St. Martin’s, 1987.

Gosch, Martin & Hammer, Richard.
The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano
. Boston: Little Brown, 1974.

Hersh, Seymour M.
The Dark Side of Camelot
. Little, Brown, 1997.

Higgins, George V.
The Friends of Eddie Coyle
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970.

Hurley, John W.
Irish Gangs and Stick Fighting: In the Works of William Carleton
. Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2000.

Ignatiev, Noel.
How the Irish Became White
. New York: Routledge, 1995.

Jackson, Kenneth T. (ed.)
The Encyclopedia of New York City
. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.

Johnson, Curt with R. Craig Sautter.
Wicked City Chicago: From Kenna to Capone
. Highland Park, IL: December Press, 1974.

Josephson, Matthew.
The Robber Barons: The Classic Account of the Influential Capitalists who Transformed America’s Future
. Harvest/HBJ, 1962. Originally published in 1934.

Katcher, Leo.
The Big Bankroll: The Life and Times of Arnold Rothstein
. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1958.

Keefe, Rose.
Guns and Roses: The Untold Story of Dean O’Banion, Chicago’s Big Shot Before Al Capone
. Nashville: Cumberland House, 2003.

Kelly, Thomas.
Payback
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997.

———
The Rackets
. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001.

———
Empire Rising
. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2005.

Kennedy, Robert F.
The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee’s Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions
. New York: Harper & Row, 1960.

Kennedy, William.
Legs
. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1975.

———
O Albany!: Improbable City of Political Wizards, Fearless Ethnics, Spectacular Aristocrats, Splendid Nobodies, and Underrated Scoundrels
. New York: Viking, 1983.

———
Roscoe
. New York: Viking, 2002.

Kessler, Ronald.
The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded
. New York: Warner Books, 1996.

Kobler, John.
Capone: The Life and World of Al Capone
. New York: Putnam, 1971.

———
Ardent Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition
. New York: Putnam, 1972.

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Lords of the Levee: The Story of Bathhouse John and Hinky Dink
. Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1943.

Lardner, James & Reppetto, Thomas.
NYPD: A City and Its Police
. New York: Henry Holt, 2000.

Larsen, Lawrence H. & Huston, Janice J.
Pendergast!
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Lehr, Dick & O’Neill, Gerald.
Black Mass: The Irish Mob, the FBI, and a Devil’s Deal
. New York: Public Affairs, 2000.

———
The Underboss: The Rise and Fall of a Mafia Family
. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989.

Levine, Gary.
Jack “Legs” Diamond: Anatomy of a Gangster
. Fleischmanns, NY: Purple Mountain Press, 1995.

Lewis, Norman.
The Honored Society
. New York: Putnam, 1964.

Lindberg, Richard.
To Serve and Collect: Chicago Politics and Police Corruption from the Lager Beer Riot to the Summerdale Scandal
. New York: Praeger Press, 1991.

———
Chicago Ragtime: Another Look at Chicago 1880–1920
. South Bend, IN: Icarus Press, 1985.

Loftus, John & McIntyre, Emily.
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. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989.

London, Jack.
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. New York: Macmillan, 2000. Originally published in 1908.

MacDonald, Michael Patrick.
All Souls: A Family Story from Southie
. Boston: Beacon Press, 1999.

MacKenzie Jr., Edward J. et al.
Street Soldier: My Life as an Enforcer for Whitey Bulger & the Boston Irish Mob
. NH: Steerforth Press, 2003.

Maloney, Eddie & Hoffman, William.
Tough Guy: The True Story of “Crazy” Eddie Maloney
. New York: Pinnacle, 1997.

McCabe, John.
Cagney
. New York: Knopf, 1997.

Miller, Kerby.
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. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Mitgang, Herbert.
Once Upon a Time in New York: Jimmy Walker, Franklin Roosevelt, and the Last Great Battle of the Jazz Age
. New York: Free Press, 2000.

Moldea, Dan.
The Hoffa Wars: Teamsters, Rebels, Politicians, and the Mob
. New York: Paddington, 1978.

Morris, Ronald L.
Wait Until Dark: Jazz and the Underworld, 1880–1940
. Green, Ohio: Bowling Green Press, 1980.

Niehaus, Earl F.
The Irish in New Orleans 1800–1860
. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965.

Norwood, Stephen H.
Strikebreaking and Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America
. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

O’Connor, Edwin.
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. Boston: Little Brown, 1956.

O’Connor, Richard.
Hell’s Kitchen: The Roaring Days of New York’s Wild West Side
. Philadelphia: J.P. Lippincott, 1958.

O’Connor, Thomas H.
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. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1995.

O’Dwyer, William.
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O’Flaherty, Liam.
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. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980. Originally published in 1925.

Patrick, Vincent.
The Pope of Greenwich Village
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978.

Peterson, Virgil.
Barbarians in Our Midst: A History of Chicago Crime and Politics
. Little Brown, 1952.

———
The Mob: 200 Years of Organized Crime in New York
. Ottawa, IL: Green Hill, 1983.

Pileggi, Nicholas.
Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985.

Porrello, Rick.
To Kill the Irishman: The War That Crippled the Mafia
. Cleveland: Next Hat Press, 1998.

Quinn, Peter.
Banished Children of Eve
. New York: Viking, 1994.

Rakove, Milton.
Don’t Make No Waves Don’t Back No Losers: An Insider’s Analysis of the Daley Machine
. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975.

Raymond, Allen.
Waterfront Priest
. New York: Henry Holt, 1955.

Reddig, William M.
Tom’s Town: Kansas City and the Pendergast Legend
. Philadelphia: J.P. Lippincott, 1947.

Reedy, George.
From the Ward to the White House: The Irish in American Politics
. New York: Scribners, 1991.

Reppetto, Thomas.
American Mafia: A History of Its Rise to Power
. New York: Henry Holt, 2004.

Riis, Jacob A.
How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York
. New York: Hill & Wang, 1957. Originally published in 1890.

Riordon, William L.
Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics
. New York: Signet Classic, 1995. Originally published in 1905.

Rousey, Dennis C.
Policing the Southern City: New Orleans, 1805–1889
. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997.

Royko, Mike.
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. New York: Dutton, 1971.

Russo, Gus.
The Outfit: The Role of Chicago’s Underworld in the Shaping of Modern America
. New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2002.

Sann, Paul.
Kill the Dutchman!: The Story of Dutch Shultz
. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1971.

Sante, Luc.
Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York
. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1991.

Schwarz, Ted.
Joseph P. Kennedy: The Mogul, the Mob, the Statesman, and the Making of an American Myth
. New York: Wiley & Sons, 2003.

Stoddard, Lothrop.
Master of Manhattan: The Life of Richard Croker
. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1931.

Thrasher, Frederick.
The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1926.

Touhy, Roger with Brennan, Ray.
The Stolen Years
. Cleveland: Pennington, 1959.

Tuohy, John W.
When Capone’s Mob Killed Roger Touhy
. Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books, 2001.

Van Tassel, David D. & Grabowski, John J. (eds.).
The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

Walker, Stanley.
The Night Club Era
. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1933.

Walsh, George.
Public Enemies: The Mayor, the Mob and the Crime that Was
. New York: W.W. Norton, 1980.

Walsh, Michael.
And All the Saints
. New York: Warner Books, 2003.

Whyte, William F.
Street Corner Society
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955.

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. New York: Perennial Classics, 2003. Revised Edition.

Articles, Reports, Essays, and Manuscripts

Beatty, Jerome. “A Political Boss Talks about His Job.”
American Magazine
. February, 1933.

Becker, Ed & Tuohy, John William. “The Valley Gang.”
Gambling Magazine
. Internet (undated). www.gamblingmagazine.com.

“The Bulger Mystique.”
The Boston Globe
. (Spotlight Team: Gerald O’Neill, Christine Chinlund, Dick Lehr, Kevin Cullen, Mary Elizabeth Knox.) September 18–21, 1988.

Bulger, William. “The Bulger Hearings.” U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Government Reform. June 19, 2003.

Cassidy, Daniel. “Breaking the Codes of New York’s Gangs.”
New York Observer
. January 6, 2003.

Cohen, Henry. “An Ordinary Thug.” Introduction to
The Public Enemy
(published screenplay). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981.

Czitrom, Daniel. “Underworlds and Underdogs: Big Tim Sullivan and Metropolitan Politics in New York, 1889–1913.”
Journal of American History 79
. 1991.

Daly, Michael. “The Ghosts of Hell’s Kitchen.”
New York
Magazine. October 11, 1986.

———“Tammany’s Last Stand.”
New York
Magazine. July 13, 1992

English, T. J. “The Original Irish Gangsters.”
The Irish in America
. New York: Hyperion, 1997.

———“Featherstone’s Lament.”
The Village Voice.
September 12, 1988.

———“On Trial—The Wild, Wild Westies.”
Irish Voice
, December 13, 1987.

Fenton, Patrick. “Still the Same.”
Ways to Writing
(2nd Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.

Firestone, David. “Stretching Legs.”
New York Newsday
. January 3, 1989.

Flynn, Sean. “Good Guys, Bad Guys.”
Boston Magazine
. September 2000.

Hamill, Pete. “Trampling City’s History: ‘Gangs’ Misses Point of Five Points.” NY
Daily News
. December 8, 2002.

Geringer, Joseph. “George ‘Bugs’ Moran: His War With Al Capone.”
The Crime Library
. Internet (undated). www.crimelibrary.com

Goldstock, Ronald. “Corruption and Racketeering in the New York Construction Industry: An Interim Report.” New York State Organized Crime Task Force, 1988.

Kendall, Jon S. “Who Killa de Chief?”
Louisiana Historical Quarterly
, Vol. 22, 1939.

Landesco, John. “Organized Crime in Chicago.” Part III of the Illinois Crime Survey. 1929.

May, Allan. “Vannie Higgins: Brooklyn’s Last Irish Boss.”
Crime Magazine
. Internet (undated). www.crimemagazine.com

———“Frank McErlane and the Chicago Beer Wars.”
Crime Magazine
. Internet (undated). www.crimemagazine.com

———“Three Thin Dimes: The Demise of Larry Fay.”
Crime Magazine
. Internet (undated). www.crimemagazine.com

———“Jimmy McBratney: A Footnote to Mob History.”
Crime Magazine
. Internet (undated). www.crimemagazine.com