Making Hope Happen: Create the Future You Want for Yourself and Others (38 page)

He also drew on the work of legendary Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura
: A. Bandura, “Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency,”
American Psychologist
37 (1982): 122–47; A. Bandura,
Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control
(New York: Freeman, 1997).

As explained by network scientists:
N. Christakis and J. Fowler,
Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives
(New York: Little, Brown, 2009).

Classic epics like Homer’s
Odyssey:
Hero stories seem to contain many common elements, as described by J. Campbell,
The Hero with a Thousand Faces,
3rd ed. (New York: New World Library, 2008).

Social scientists call this instrumental support
: For a broad discussion of social support, including instrumental support, see S. E. Taylor, “Social support: A review,” in M. S. Friedman, ed.,
The Handbook of Health Psychology
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 189–214.

At the depths of the Great Recession, Seth
: Seth Reams’s story was first shared in A. Huffington,
Third World America: How Our Politicians Are Abandoning the Middle Class and Betraying the American Dream
(New York: Crown, 2008).

McDonald’s leveraged hope
:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sao14ByruRI
.

My favorite example
:
http://www.tide.com/en-US/loads-of-hope/about.jspx
.

Heifer International
:
www.heifer.org
.

How do you give hope
: E. Duflo, E. (2012, May 3). “
Hope as a capability
,” Tanner Lecture, Harvard University, May 3, 2012. This lecture is nicely summarized in “Hope Springs a Trap: An absence of optimism plays a large role in keeping people trapped in poverty,”
Economist
, May 12, 2012,
http://www.economist.com/node/21554506
; A. Banerjee and E. Duflo,
Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2011), which provides meticulous research into how very poor people—the millions who exist on less than ninety-nine cents a day—make decisions about how to spend their energy and resources.

Game designer Jane McGonigal
: J. McGonigal,
Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World
(New York: Penguin Press, 2011). McGonigal argues that we improve real lives and fix what is wrong in the real world through cooperative games.

Epilogue: Ripples of Hope

“Each time a man stands up”:
Robert F. Kennedy, Day of Affirmation Address (news release text version), University of Capetown, Capetown, South Africa, June 6, 1966, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum,
http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Ready-Reference/RFK-Speeches/Day-of-Affirmation-Address-news-release-text-version.aspx
.

Appendix: Hope Scales Used in Research

Scales
: C. R. Snyder et al., “The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
60, no. 4 (1991): 570–85; C. R. Snyder et al., (1997). “The development and validation of the Children’s Hope Scale,”
Journal of Pediatric Psychology
22 (1997): 399–421.

Aarts, Henk,
146

Absenteeism,
51
–53

ACT,
111

“Act as if,”
94

Action,
61
,
143
–57

hope and,
63
–75

triggering,
143
–57

See also
Agency

Adult Trait Hope Scale,
218
–19

Advertising,
16
,
209

Affective forecasting,
80
–81

Africa,
101
–4,
172

Agency,
12
,
25
,
30
,
75
,
91
,
104
,
121
,
143
–57

cues and defaults,
144
–46,
147
,
151
–54

defensive action triggers,
154
–56

goal contagion,
146
–48

precommiting to hopeful actions,
148
–51

triggering action,
143
–57

when/where plans,
151
–54

Aggression,
99

AIDS,
102

Alcohol,
48
–49,
59
,
60
,
61

Allen, Woody,
51

Alternative pathways, generating,
161
–63

Amnesia,
41

Amygdala,
43
,
112

Anatomy of Hope, The
(Groopman),
23

Anger,
114

Apple,
120

Apps for Healthy Kids,
172

Asthma,
58

Avenue Scholars,
212

Avey, James,
52

Bandura, Albert,
204

Barbieri, Mary,
171

Barry Kappes, Heather,
73

Baumeister, Roy,
68

Beamer, Cheryl,
131
–32

Beer, Ron,
102
,
104

Berg, Carla,
58
,
162

“Best possible life” question,
126

Big List,
87
–92

Bischof-Köhler hypothesis,
36

Blood pressure,
73

Borrowing hope,
169
–73

Brain,
37
,
40
–45,
68
,
99
,
112
,
206

evolution,
35
–36,
42

fear and,
112

hope and,
40
–45

mindset,
98
–101

optimism and,
37

prospection pipeline,
41
–45

sorting through images and emotions,
43

Brazil,
129

Breweries,
47
–50

“Broaden-and-build” theory,
114

Brody, Jane,
113

Bryant, John Hope,
165

Bulgaria,
129

Bullying,
99

Bush, George W.,
80
–81

Business,
50
,
51
,
107
,
138
,
207

corporate aid,
208
–12

entrepreneurism,
47
–50,
107
,
118
–21

right risks,
118
–21

showing up,
52
–53

spreading hope and,
208
–10

Calegari, Ninive,
168
,
169

California,
118
,
135
,
164
–65,
167

Camion Qui Fume, Le,
119

Canada,
80
,
81

Cancer,
37
,
61
,
71

Cantril’s ladder,
126

Career days, in school,
193
–94

Carlson, Dana,
169

Cave art,
36
–37

ChallengePost.com
,
172

Chauvet Cave,
36
–37

Chicago,
86
–91

Children,
15
–16,
18
,
21
,
26
,
34
,
85
–86

death of,
39
,
186

health of,
58
–59,
93
–94

hope in,
26
–30,
58
–59

Hope Scale,
219
–20

intelligence,
93
–95

mindset,
99
–100

poor,
101
–3

school reform and,
86
–91,
103

taking a stake in the future,
85
–86

teaching hope,
189
–201

China,
54

Choi, Roy,
118

Choices,
22
–24

choosing a better tomorrow,
79
–122

choosing hope,
22
–24

Christakis, Nicholas,
205

Christmas Studies,
152

Cialdini, Robert,
147

City College of New York,
109

Clifton, Don,
131

Clifton, Jim,
63
–64

Clifton Strengths Institute,
193

College,
54
–56,
65
,
66
,
81
,
85
–86,
102
,
103
,
111
,
134
,
135
,
136
,
138
,
145
,
159
–60,
170
,
184
,
192
,
195
–96,
212

bridging high school and,
195
–96

demystifying costs,
195

Community audits,
199
–200,
201

Community groups,
116
,
165
,
170
,
185
,
187
–88,
199
–200

Connected
(Christakis and Fowler),
205

Contentment,
114

Contrasting the then with the now,
137
–39

Control,
68
,
84
–85

Core beliefs,
17
–19

Corporate aid,
208
–12

Cost of hope,
96
–97

Courage,
79
,
185

Creativity,
18
,
112

Critical Collaborator,
156

Crowdrise.com
,
171
–72

Cues,
144
–46,
147
,
151
–54

Curiosity,
101

Damasio, Antonio,
37

Dating,
116

Davis, Dick,
207

Death,
35
,
38
–39,
59
–61

of children,
39
,
186

early burial rituals,
35
,
36
,
38

hope and,
59
–61

Decision-making,
24
,
81
–82

choosing hope,
22
–24

Defaults,
144
–46

Defensive action triggers,
154
–56

Delayed gratification,
67

Demars, Nate,
119

Denmark,
129

Depression,
3
–5,
60
,
99

Destin, Mesmin,
65
–67,
190
,
192
,
195

Determination,
94
,
97
,
101
,
113

Detroit,
65
–67,
190

DeVries, Andrew,
127
–29,
137
,
213

Dialysis,
4
–5,
8
,
9

Diener, Ed,
56

Dieting,
67
–70,
154

Dixson, Bob,
181

Dr. Phil,
108

DonorsChoose.org.
173

Dreamcatcher,
133
–34

“Dream job” experiment,
40
,
42
,
43
,
44

Duflo, Esther,
210
–11

Dweck, Carol,
98
–99

Dwelling,
17

Early humans,
35
–37,
42

Earthquakes,
209

Edelberg, Jacqueline,
86
–91

Education,
18
,
50
,
51
,
53
,
60
,
65
–67,
94
–95,
96
,
101
,
110
,
196

in Africa,
103
,
104

career days,
193
–94

college,
54
–56,
65
,
66
,
81
,
85
–86,
102
,
103
,
111
,
134
,
135
,
136
,
138
,
145
,
159
–60,
170
,
184
,
192
,
195
–96,
212

community audits,
199
–200,
201

connecting today to tomorrow,
65
–67

elementary,
86
–91,
103
,
111
,
192
–93,
199
–200

high school,
66
,
99
,
100
,
111
,
134
–35,
161
–62,
189
–90,
192
,
194
–96,
199
,
212

history, hope, and,
110
–11

hope and,
51
–52,
54
–56

leadership,
183

linking learning to life,
192
–96

middle school,
65
–67,
98
,
99
,
111
,
190
,
191
,
192
,
197

pathways,
161
–62,
166
–67

for poor children,
101
–3

productivity and,
54
–56

school absenteeism,
51
–52

school reform,
86
–91,
103

teaching hope,
189
–201

willpower and,
196
–200

Educational Talent Search,
195

Eggers, Dave,
167
–69

Egypt,
129

Ehrenreich, Barbara,
71